THE   CRISIS  OF  THE   REVOLUTION 


FROM    THE    oniatNAl    PAINTING    flv    ANDRE.    IN    THE    POeSESBION    OF    J.    W.    BOUTON  EBQ.  ,    NEW  VORK. 


THF:    CRISIS    OF    THE 
Rl- VOLUTION 

i^'  r-     !Mt-.  Sroi't  OF 

w::\»)l,D  AND  ANDRE 

*     V.       '  i-rU-.i  l-l?i  )V  AM.   S(  il  fi'CJS     -NL'   ll.-,|.- r"\  1' 

.'       ^1    \:  )-  Pi  \(.i:-  i;<i:Nii)  ii  L-  wi  i  '■  ■  i 


VVlLLiAM    ABBATT 

II.fJJSTRAI  l(K\S    I  ROM    ORI(.i.\\l     /'//.''    \  ,.v  //'//  .     I.) 

EDWIN    S.    BENNETT 

Issued  Under  (he  Au>t'i.t'S  <A  Wv. 


Nfc'W   VOHK 
WILLIAM   AP.BaTI  V)  / 


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•!«■,•■»       •"'•1 


THE    CRISIS   OF   THE 
REVOLUTION 

Being  the  Story  of 

ARNOLD  AND  ANDRE 

Now  FOR  THE  First  Time  Collected  from  all  Sources,  and  Illustrated 
WITH  Views  of  all  Places  Identified  with  it 


BY 


William  Abbatt 


ILLUSTRATIONS  FROM  ORIGINAL  PHOTOGRAPHS  BY 

EDWIN   S.   BENNETT 


issued  Under  the  Auspices  of  the 

re  Statt  %m%  Sons  of  i\t  %mi\m  ^xSMm 


NEW  YORK 

WILLIAM  ABBATT 

1899 


Copyright,  1899 

ByMVILLIAM   ABHATT 

All  Rights  Reserved 


Edition  limited  to  250  copies,  of  which  this  is  No 


c 


/  conceive  that  every  circumstance  connected  with  it  cannot  fail  of'  bein^  interesting- 

to  Americans  — 

Captain  Alden  Partridge,  U.  S.  A., 

suprrintendent  of  the  united  states  military  academy, 

West  Point,  N.  v., 

1818. 


TO  THE   DESCENDANTS   OF   THE   MEN    OF   "SEVENTY-SIX,"   AS   REPRESENTED   IN 

OUR    PATRIOTIC-HEREDITARY   SOCIETIES,    THIS    RECORD   OF   THE 

MOMENTOUS    EVENTS   ALONG    THE   HUDSON   FROM 

SEPTEMBER  21  TO  OCTOBER  2,  1780, 

IS   DEDICATED. 


PREFACE 


IN  putting  forth  a  new  book  on  so  familiar  a  subject  as  the  conspiracy  of  Benedict  Arnold 
with  Major  Andre,  I  am  not  unmindful  of  the  opening  words  of  Lossing's  Field-Hook, 
"The  story  of  the  Revolution  has  been  well  and  often  told."  My  excuse  for  again 
telling  this  part  of  it  must  be,  first,  to  again  quote  Lossing :  "A  large  proportion  of  our 
people  are  but  little  instructed  in  many  of  the  essential  details  of  that  event,  so  important  for 
every  intelligent  citizen  to  learn,"  and  secondly,  that  while  so  much  has  I'een  printed  that  I 
cannot  add  much  new  material,  it  has  not  been  published  in  any  complete  form.  Hence  the 
student  who  seeks  for  all  its  details  has  been  obliged  to  consult  a  wearisome  succession  of 
books,  periodicals,  newspapers,  and  some  MSS.,  many  accessible  only  to  the  favored  few 
living  within  reach  of  our  great  libraries. 

Finally,  no  complete  itinerary  of  Andre's  journey  has  been  published,'  nor  has  any 
authority  given  more  than  a  few  illustrations  of  the  various  places  identified  with  him.  In 
this  last  respect  I  flatter  myself  I  have  left  no  scene  of  any  interest  unrepre.sented  ;  and  to 
this  feature  I  trust  in  part  for  popular  endorsement  of  my  work.  To  ot)tain  the  photographs 
Mr.  Bennett  and  myself  visited  almost  every  site,  and  traveled  over  the  greater  part  of 
Andrd's  path. 

The  map  showing  his  route  has  been  carefully  drawn  from  authentic  surveys,  and 
shows  every  detail.  I  am  greatly  indebted  for  their  aid  in  preparing  it,  and  for  valuable 
topographical  information,  to  Mr.  I,avalette  Wilson,  of  Haverstraw ;  Rev.  Amos  C.  Requa, 
of  Peekskill ;  Judge  J.  O.  Dykman,  of  White  Plains  ;  Mr.  William  H.  Bleakley,  of  Verplanck's 
,  Point ;  Rev.  David  Cole,  of  Yonkers,  and  Mr.  Edward  Hagaman  Hall,  of  New  York  ;  and 
for  access  to  their  libraries,  to  Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  and  Mr.  William  L.  vStone. 

If  my  book  shall  increase  interest  in  Revolutionary  history  and  lead  to  further  investi- 
gation of  the  many  events  for  which  genern'  histories  cannot  afford  adequate  space,  it  will 
not  have  been  written  in  vain.  In  that  hope  it  is  now  confided  to  the  individual  whose 
qualifying  adjective,  in  view  of  the  numerous  membership  of  ladies  in  our  patriotic  societies, 
assumes  a  new  and  pleasing  significance  —  the  ' '  Gentle  Reader. ' ' 

W.   A. 
West  Chester,  N.    V.,  tS^g. 


Save  Judge  Dykman's  Last  Twelve  Days  of  Afajor  Andri,  in  1889. 


Dramatis  Person. e 


ANDRE -        - 

ARNOLD     

ARNOLD,  Mrs. 

ABBOT,   Bl'.NJAMIN DniiiiiiRr,  —  Regiment. 

ABKRCROMBY,  LiKUT.  Coi..  ROBERT ,^7tli  Regiment. 

ACKER,  Benjamin I'lmrtli  N,  Y.  Cdiiliiiciitiils. 

ALLEN,  Capt.  William -        SlcoihI  KIukIc  Islaml. 

ALLEN,  Lieut.  Solomon Col.  Setli  Murray's  Mass.  Militia. 

"BALDWIN"    ...        -        Unknown  Private  of  Col.  Jcdutliun  BalcUvin's  Rc^jiini-iit,  —  Massacliusetts. 

BARLOW,  Joel Cliaplain  Gen.   Poor's  nrit,'aile. 

BEEKMAN,  Gerard  G. 

BEEKMAN,  Mrs.  Gerard  G.  (Cornelia) 

BOWMAN,  Ensign  Samuel Third  Mass;iolmsetts. 

BOYD,  Captain  EbEnezer Tliird  Westchester  Militia. 

BRONSON,  Isaac,  M.  D. Assistant  S'.irKioii  Si-cmid  Dragoons. 

BRUNDAGE,  Sylvanus Second  Westchester  Militia. 

BURNET,  Major  Robert Aid  to  Gen'l  Greene. 

BURR,  Aaron .        .       .        - 

BURROWES,  Major  John Col.  Spencer's  New  Jersey  Regiment. 

CILLEY,  Col.  Joseph - I'irst  New  Ilaniiishire. 

CLINTON,  Gov.  Georob 

CLINTON,  Sir  Henry 

CLINTON,  Gen'l  James  

COLQUHOUN,  Joseph 

COLQUHOUN,  Samuel 

COOLEY,  Capt.  John Fourth  Westchester  Militia. 

COX,  Major  James Ordnanc-  Pepartnieiit. 

CROSBIE,  Lieut.  Col.  William 22d  RcKinient. 

DEAN,  Sergeant  John First  Westchester  :Mililia. 

DEARBORN,  Lieut.  Col.  Henry First  New  Haini)shire. 

DEWEES,  Samuel        -        -        . pifer  Tenth  Pennsylvania. 

DWIGHT,  Rev.  Timothy Chaplain  First  Conn.   I'iriKade. 

EUvSTIS,  William,  M.  D. Surgeon  K.iox's  Artillery. 

FOOTE,  Captain  EbenezER Connnis,s;irv  Department. 

FRANKS,  Major  David  S. Aid  to  Arnold. 

GARDINER,  Nathaniel,  M.  D. Surgeon  Fir.st  New  Hampshire. 

GILBERT,  John 

GLOVER,  Gen'l  John 

GOUVION,  COL.  J.  B. Chief  of  Rochanil)eau's  Artillery. 

GREENE,  Gen'l  Nathanael 

HALL,  Timothy,  M.  D. Surgeon  Fiftli  Massachusetts. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander 

HAMMOND,  David 

HAMMOND,  Sally 


,      ,  .        .        .        .       SereeiJt  First  Westchester  Militia. 

"    •  ,.  Sixth  Massachusetts. 

II  \!<\V()<lI),  Majok   I'KTi'.!i „        .      ,,•,•.• 

HAY.  Col.  Ann  IIAWKIW Ilaverst.aw  Regiment.  Orang-.  Cou.ity  Mihtia. 

I'l'.ATII.   (".HN'I.   WlI.I.IAM 

iii';k().n',  wiii.iAM '       ,_ 

.          _    ..„  ....  Second  Dragoons. 

Iloor.i.ANi),  Caitain  Jhronkmus '"="•  '^ 

UOWl'     (".ICNKRAI.   RdIIKRT ,„',',,• 

inr.HKS,  Capt.  JOHN Second  Canadian  Regiment. 

IirNTl.SC.TON,    GKNKRAT.  JKOKDIAH „.'",., I  ', 

JXCKSC.N,  C„...  HKNRV Sixteenth  Massachusetts. 

AMKS..N,  Um'T,  CO,..  JOHN Second  Dragoons. 

■'  ...  —  Regiment. 

KIHKS    M.uoR  (IC.)  W.I.UAM Haverstraw  Regiment,  Orange  County  Mihtia. 

,     ,       ■'      ,  Second  Dragoons. 

KI.N(.,  I,iki;t.  Joshua " 

KNOX,  C.I'.N'i.  Hknry 

I.Al'AYlTrU o       'j    aI-i,  ' 

I.AMU,  Coi..  JOHN Second  Artillery. 

I  \MlU;ur,  CoRNic.n.s l'"™^t''  N-  Y.  Continentals. 

I,\MIU:KT.  1Ii!NKV -      first  Westchester  Mihtia. 

I,\.M1U-KT,  I,A.MHKRT First  Westchester  Mihtia. 

I,AR\ICY,  J.MK,s Pift''  Massachusetts. 

I.AII.N-IC,   I'liTKR  -        - ^""^'^'^  ^'"^"\- 

I.AIKANCI',  Coi..  John J»dge  Advocate  General. 

MYINGSTON,  C<.i..  Jamk,S Second  Canadian  Regiment. 

M\S(IN    Kiv    John Chaplain  to  Hud.son  River  Posts. 

Mel'lliNKY.'jAMKs!  M.  D. Aid  to  Lafayette. 

MiKlNIJsY,  .Vi.K.XANnKR,  Dri'm-Major ~"  Regiment. 

Mcknight,  Chari.K,s,  M.  D.         ------        -        Surgeon  Gen'l  of  Hospital,  Middle  Dep't. 

Ml-ADK,   I.llCiT.  Coi..  R.  K. Aid  to  Wash..igton. 

MI-IGS.  Coi..  Rkturn  J. - S'^'th  Connecticut. 

MI';KI:i;L,  I.ikuT.  John Second  Westchester  Militia. 

MII.I.ICR,  AniirRas 

Gl.^I'XU,  Rrv.  John "        ' 

OGDKN,  Captain  Aaron Lafayette's  Light  Infantry. 

I'ARSGNS,  GUN'I,  Samuei.  H. 

1'ATI':RS()N',  Ghn'i.  John ■ 

r.M'LDING,  John ^'if^'  Westchester  Militia. 

nn'TINGlLL,  iSlAjoR  Thomas Ninth  Massachusetts. 

ROliKUTSON,   LiKl'T.  GUN'l.  JAME.S 

ROIUNSON,  Coi..  Bi:vrri.v "Loyal  Americans." 

ROGICUS,  LiRL'T.  JRI.RDIAII Second  Dragoons. 

RO.MIUi,   'AMRS First  Westchester  Militia. 

R()Mi:U,  Mrs.  Jacoii 

R0MI:R,  John 

Rl'SSliLL,  lii'NjAMiN Worcester  County  Regiment,  Massachusetts  Militia. 

SCAMMEI.L,  Col.  Ai.rxandkr  Adjutant  General  U.  S.  A. 

SCOTT,  Grn'i.  John  Morin        - 

SKE,  Isaac First  Westchester  Militia. 

SHAW,  Major  Sami'EI. Aid  to  Knox. 

SHUl."ON,  Col.  Klisha Second  Dragoons. 

SHUT ARD,  LliUTT.  Samukl First  New  Jersey. 

SHREVK,  Col.   Israel Second  New  Jersey. 

SIMCOE,  Colonel  John  G. Queen's  Rangers. 

SMITH,  Captain  Edenezkr Thirteenth  Ma.ssachusetts. 

SMITH,  Joshua  Hett 

SMITH,  Richard 


SMITH,  Thomas 

SMITH,  LiElT  Coi,.  \Vm.  S. Aid  to  WasliiiiKton. 

STARK,  Gkn'l  John 

ST.  CLAIR,  Gen'l  Arthur 

STEUBEN,  GRN't  Baron 

STIRLING,  Gkn'l  Lord 

SUTHERLAND,  LlEUT.  Andrew Roval  Navy. 

TALLMADGE,  Major  Benjamin .Sccuiul  Drat,'i'oiis. 

THACHER,  James,  M.  D.  Surgeon  Sixteenth  M.issachu.selts. 

THORNE,  Jesse 

THORNE,  Stevenson 

TOMLINSON,  Ensign  Jabez  H. Ninth  CoiiiRoticiit. 

UNDERBILL,  Mrs.  Isaac 

VAN  DYK,  Captain  John Second  Ailillcry. 

VAN  WART,  Isaac I'irst  Westchester  Mihtia. 

VAN  WART,  Wli.UAM 

VARICK,  Col.  Richard Aid  to  Arnold, 

WADE,  Col.  N.aThaniel Essex  County  Regiment  Massachusetts  Militia. 

WASHINGTON 

WAYNE,  General  Anthony - 

WEBB,  Captain  John Second  Dragoons. 

WEBB,  Col.  Samuel  B. Ninth  Connecticut, 

WELLS,  Lieut,  Col.  Jonathan Nineteenth  Connecticut. 

WILLIAMS,  Abraham First  Westchester  Militia. 

WILLIAMS,  David First  Westchester  Militia. 

YERKS,  John First  Westchester  Militia. 

YOUNGS,  Lieut,  Samuel Second  Dragoons. 


THE  CRISIS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


CHAPTER  I. 


New  York  to  King's  Ferry — Safety. 

The  aspiring  youth  that  fired  the  Ephesian  dome 
OiUhves  in  fame  the  pious  fool  that  reared  it. 

COLI.EY  ClBBKR  — A';VAii/-(/  ///. 


S' 


KIP   IIOISE. 


I OMETHING  like  Gibber's  cynical  words  might  be 
applied  to  the  men  of  the   Revolution.     Many  a 
brave   patriot   is    less   remembered   than    Arnold, 
and  distinguished  British  officers  than  Andre.     Of  the 
latter's  prototype  in  misfortune,  the  heroic  Nathan  Hale, 
Thacher,  the  Revolutionary  surgeon,  quoting  Hannah 
Adams'   History    of  New    England,    says :    "  Whilst 
almost  every  historian  has  celebrated  the  virtues  and 
lamented  the  fate  of  Andr6,  Hale  has   remained  un- 
noticed,' and  it  is  scarcely  known   that   such    a   character   ever   existed  ; "    and 
Fenimore  Gooper  says,  "Arnold  has   acquired  a   notoriety  that  promises   to  be 
as  lasting  as  that  of  Erostratus." 

The  reason  for  this  is  not  far  to  seek.  Hale's  story  is  exceedingly  brief, 
and  almost  entirely  lacking  in  details,  while  Andre's  is  just  the  reverse. 
Hence  it  has  always  been  invested  with  a  peculiar  degree  of  interest,  height- 
ened by  the  personal  and  social  attractions  which  he  possessed  to  such  an 
extent  as  won  friendship  and  admiration  from  enemies  no  less  than  friends. 

It  is  no  part  of  ray  plan  to  repeat  the  familiar  story  of  how  Arnold,  the 
hero  of  Quebec  and  Saratoga,  came  to  plan  the  surrender  of  West  Point  and 
the  betrayal  of  his  country,  to  which  in  1778,  only  two  years  before,  he  had 
solemnly  sworn  allegiance.  Nor  shall  I  give  any  detailed  account  of  Andre's 
life.  Both  are  to  be  had  in  general  histories  and  oiaer  works  easily  accessible 
to  the  reader. 


1  I  am  glad  to  know  that  a  geiiUenian  in  New  York  has  long  been  gathering  materials  for  a  new  life  of  Hale 
which  may  be  published  in  two  or  three  years.  o  &  6  «=>»  "le       naie. 


On  the  night  of  Monday,  the  i8th  of  September,  1780,  there  was  a 
brilliant  military  assemblage  in  New  York  City,  then  occnpied  by  the  British 
anny  under  General  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  The  place  was  the  ancient  stone  house 
of  the  Kip  family,  built  in  1696  (and  standing  as  lately  as  i<S5o),  where  is 
now  the  comer  of  Second  Avenue  and  Thirty-fourth  vStrcet.  At  the  time  it  was 
the  quarters  of  Colonel  Williams,'  of  the  Soth  regiment.  The  occasion  was  a 
dinner  given  by  him  to  Clinton  and  his  staff.  Andre,  as  Adjutant  General 
and  Clinton's  favorite,  was  prominent  among  the  guests."  At  the  close  of  the 
festivities  he  sang  the  song  attributed  to  General  Wolfe,  and  then  very  popular,'' 
the  second  and  best-known  verse  beginning: 

Why,  soldiers,  why, 
Should  we  Ih!  nieliincholy  hoys? 

Though  officers  of  the  Highland  regiments  were  present,  no  soothsayer 
like  he  of  Clan  Ivor  was  there,  to  see  the  winding  sheet  almost  as  high  on 
Andre's  breast  as  the  Taishatr  had  seen  it  on  Colonel  Gardiner's  the  day  before 
Preston  pans.  Little  thought  any  of  the  party  that  just  two  weeks  later  he 
would  be  a  corpse,  buried  at  the  foot  of  an  improvised  gibbet  in  a  little  hamlet 
of  Orange  County  (the  present  Rockland  County  was  formed  out  of  Orange). 

From  New  York  he  went  the  next  day,  Tuesday,  by  way  of  King's 
Bridge  to  Dobbs'  Ferry,  and  thence  to  the  sloop-of-war  riilture,'^  then  probably 
at  anchor  off  North  Point,  Tell>"r's  Point.'^'  Reaching  her  about  7  P.  M.,  he 
waited  all  the  next  day  (Wednesday)  without  message  or  news  from  Arnold." 
The  next  point  of  interest  in  the  drama  —  its  opening  scene,  in  fact,  regarding 
the  Williams  dinner  as  the  prologue, — is  the  spot  where  the  interview  with  him 
occurred.  At  the  period  we  are  noticing,  the  correspondence  with  Arnold  liad 
continued  for  eighteen  months,'  or  from  about  the  spring  of  1779,  under  the  guise 
of   proposed    mercantile   transactions.      His   letters,    in   a   disguised   hand,    were 

*  It  is  sinnificaiit  that  so  early  in  the  story  I  have  to  note  that  while  I  insert  this  name  on  the  strength  of  Lossing, 
I  can  find  in  Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford's  valuable  I.isl  of  liiilish  Officers,  /yy^-So,  no  Williams  who  was  a 
Colonel,  nor  any  Williams  amoti^  the  8otI-  officers.     I'rom  whom  diil  Ivossing  <niote? 
For  the  view  of  the  Kip  House  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  S.  Victor  Constant,  of  New  York. 

J  Los.Htnf;  (  T/ic  Two  Spies)  says  Clinton  had  intimate<l  that  he  was  alraut  starting  on  a  mis.sion  of  importance, 
and  openly  declared  he  would  become  Sir  John  Andr^  if  he  successfully  accomplished  it. 

'  See  Appendix. 

<  She  was  a  third-rate,  carrying  fourteen  guns,  and  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Andrew  Sutherland,  R.  N.  "  If  any 
omen  might  be  derived  from  her  name  and  history,  she  was  a  fortunate  ship  for  the  enterprise,  having  been 
very  successful  in  avoi<ling  our  privateers.  Thirty-five  years  before  (1745)  a  band  of  prisoners,  .some  of 
them  detained  as  spies  (comprising  not  only  Home,  in  whose  tragedy  of  Don.' las  Aiidr^  had  delighted  to 
bear  a  character,  but  Witherspoon,  now  active  for  the  Congress,  and  Barrow,  in  arms  for  the  King,)  had 
escaped  from  Charles  Edward's  hands,  and  flying  from  Doune  Castle  by  Tullyallan,  were  received  on  board 
her." — Sargent. 

'  See  map,  post. 

0  The  meeting  planned  by  Arnold  for  September  11  at  Dobbs'  Ferry  Imd  failed,  owing  to  his  never-explained 
neglect  to  provide  his  boat  with  a  flag  of  truce,  and  its  coiisecjuent  hostile  reception  by  the  British.  He 
then  wrote  again,  September  15  :  "I  will  send  a  person  to  meet  you  at  Dobbs'  Ferry,  at  the  landing  on  the 
east  side,  on  Wednesday,  the  20th,  who  will  conduct  you  to  a  place  of  .safety,  where  I  will  meet  you.  It 
will  be  necessary  for  you  to  be  disgui-sed  »***».  Smith  {see post.)  failed  to  get  one  of  the  Colquhoun 
brothers  as  boatman,  hence  the  delay  until  Thursday.  "  It  became  necessary,  page  3. 


(Rector  of  St.    Mary's  Cluircli.   lUirlinKl<»ii.    N.  J.) 


I  FROM  THt  COLLECTION  OF  DR.   THOMAS  ADDIS  EMMtT,  ) 


signed  "  Gustavus,"  and  addressed  "  Mr.  John  Anderson,  merchant,  to  the  care 
of  Mr.  James  Osborne,  to  be  left  at  Rev.  Mr.  Odell's."' 

Aboard  the    I'ulture  Andrd  found  Beverly  Robin.son,  and  after  fruitlessly 
waiting  over  Wednesday  wrote  thus  to  Clinton : 

On  board  the  Vulture, 

2  J  September. 
Sir  :  As  the  tide  was  favorable  on  my  arrival  at  the  sloop  yesterday,  I  determined 
to  !«  myself  the  bearer  of  your  Excellency's  letters  as  far  as  the  Vulture.  I  have  suffered 
for  it,  having  caught  a  very  bad  cold,  and  had  so  violent  a  return  of  a  disorder  in  my 
stomach  which  had  attacked  me  a  few  days  ago,  that  Captain  Sutherland  and  Colonel 
Robinson  insist  on  ray  remaining  on  board  till  I  am  better.  I  hope  to-morrow  to  get  down 
again. 

In  this  letter  he  enclosed  one  meant  for  Clinton  only : 

Sir  ;  I  got  on  board  the  Vulture  at  about  seven  o'clock  last  evening ;  and  after 
considering  upon  the  letters  and  the  answer  given  by  Col.  Robinson,'  "that  he  would 
remain  on  board,  and  hoped  I  should  be  up,"  we  thought  it  most  natural  to  expect  the 
Man  I  sent  into  the  Country  here,'  and  therefore  did  not  think  of  going  to  the  Ferry. 
Nobody  has  appeared.  This  is  the  second  expedition  I  have  made  without  an  ostensible 
reason,  and  Col.  Robinson  both  times  of  ihe  party.  A  third  would  infallibly  fire  su.s- 
picions.  I  have  therefore  thought  it  best  to  remain  here  on  plea  of  sickness,  as  my 
enclosed  letter  will  feign,  and  try  further  expedients. 

From  the  vessel,  a  letter  dated  "Morning  ^  P r^:,^^^i>^t^ 

of  2  ist  September,"  and  written  by  Andre  though  A^  (X^i-V^'^-i^ 

signed  by  Sutherland,  was  sent  to  Colonel  James     /y  ^ 

1  It  became  necessary  at  this  instant  that  the  secret  correspondence  under  feigned  names,  which  had  so  long  been 

carried  on,  should  be  rendered  into  certainty  ;  both  as  to  the  person  being  General  Arnold,  commanding 
at  West  Point,  and  that  in  the  manner  in  which  he  was  to  surrender  himself,  the  forts  and  troops,  to  me, 
it  should  be  so  conducted  under  a  concerted  plan  between  vs,  as  that  the  Kii;g's  troops  sent  upon  this 
expedition  should  be  under  no  risk  of  surprise  or  counterplot ;  and  I  was  determined  not  to  undertake  the 
attempt  but  under  such  particular  security.  I  knew  the  ground  on  which  the  forts  were  placed,  and  the 
contiguous  country,  tolerably  well,  having  been  there  in  1777;  an.1  I  had  received  many  hints  touching 
both,  from  General  Arnold.  But  it  was  certainly  necessary  that  a  mteting  should  be  held  with  that  officer, 
for  settling  the  whole  plan.  »  »  •  General  Arnold  had  also  his  reasons,  which  must  be  so  very  obvious 
as  to  make  it  unnecessary  for  me  to  explain  them.  Many  projects  for  1  meeting  were  formed,  and  conse- 
quently several  attempts  made,  in  all  of  which  General  Arnold  seemed  extremely  desirous  that  some 
person  who  had  my  particular  confidence  might  be  sent  him  ;  some  man,  y&  he  described  it  in  writing, 
of  his  own  mensuration. 

I  had  thought  of  a  person  under  this  important  description  who  would  gladly  have  undertaken  it,  but  his 
peculiar  situation  at  the  time,  from  which  I  could  not  release  him,  prevented.  ♦  »  *  General  Arnold 
finally  insisted  that  the  person  should  be  Major  Andr^,  who  had  been  the  person  wlio  managed  and  carried 
on  the  secret  correspondence. — CLINTON,  in  Sparks. 

The  "Hon.  and  Rev."  (as  he  is  generally  styled )  Jonathan  Odell  was  bom  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  September  25,  1737, 
and  died  in  Fretlericton,  N.  B.,  November  25,  1818.  He  studied  medicine,  and  became  a  surgeon  in  the 
British  army,  but  by  1767  had  studied  theology,  and  eventually  became  rector  of  the  Episcopal  church  at 
Burlington,  N.  J.  His  Toryism  obliged  him  to  le:  ve  the  state,  and  he  settled  in  New  York,  where  he 
became  chaplain  of  one  of  the  Loyalist  regiments.  He  was  possessed  of  considerable  musical  ability,  and 
one  of  his  songs  is  said  to  havi:  suggested  the  tune  of  Hail  Columbia.  He  left  the  United  States  wiih  the 
British  army,  and  settled  in  New  Brunswick,  where,  and  in  Nova  Scotia,  his  descendants  still  live. 

2  To  Arnold. 

0  That  Arnold  or  his  messenger  would  come  aboard. 


Livingston,  of  the  Additional  Continentals,'  who  commanded  at  both  Verplanck's 
and  Stony  Points.  It  complained  of  a  violation  of  a  flag  of  truce  the  day  before.' 
Wlien  the  letter  was  shown  Aniold,  the  handwriting  of  course  showed  him  that 
his  currcsi)()ndcnt  "  Anderson"  was  aboard  the  vessel.  Having  previously  had  his 
own  l)arge  go  up  Canopus  Creek,  above  Peekskill,  and  bring  thence  to  Crom 
Island,  in  Haverstraw  Creek,  a  rowboat,  he  was  now  ready  to  have  /  .  dre  and 
Robinson'  brought  ashore.  To  do  this  required  a  third  person,  as  confidant. 
Such  an  one  he  had  found  not  long  before,  in  Joshua  Hett  Smith,  of  Haverstraw. 
This  man's  character  is  of  great  interest.  He  was  very  well  connected,  rich,  if 
not  wealthy,  intimate  with  prominent  patriots,  and  was  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
as  were  also  two  of  his  brothers.*  He  was  bom  May  27,  1749,  being  a  brother 
of  William  Smith,  the  Chief  Justice  of  New  York,  and  in  1770  married  Elizabeth 
Gordon,  of  Belvedere,  South  Carolina.' 

When  General  Robert  Howe  turned  over  the  command  of  West  Point  to 
Arnold,  the  previous  third  of  August,  he  recommended  Smith  to  him  as  a  man 
who  could  be  very  useful  in  securing  important  news  of  the  enemy's  plans. 
Having  secured  his  consent  to  aid  in  the  desired  interview,  Arnold  gave  him 
an  order  on  Major  Kierse"  for  the  rowboat,  furnished  him  with  the  necessary 
passes,  and  left  him  to  get  the  two  rowers  for  the  boat.  Two  tenants  of  his 
own,  the  Colquhoun  brothers,  Samuel'  and  Joseph,  were  asked  to  serve.  Refusing 
at  first,  Arnold  threatened  then  with  arrest  as  persons  disaffected  to  the 
American  cause,  and  they  reluctantly  yielded. 

'  James  LIvlnKSton,  not  Henry  B,,  as  Lossing  says.  (See  Washington's  letter  to  Lamb,  Chap.  II.)  He 
is  alsi)  foiiiul  as  Colonel  of  the  First  Canadian  regiment,  and  was  with  Montgomery  at  Chambly  and 
yiict>ec.  lie  was  liorn  in  Canada,  March  27,  1747,  and  died  in  Sarato  a  County,  N.  Y.,  November  29,  1832. 
Wi\shington,  after  these  events,  wrote  him  :  "  I  am  gratified  that  the  post  was  in  the  hands  of  an  officer  so 
devoted  as  you  were  to  the  cause  of  your  country."     Mrs.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  is  his  granddaughter. 

^  To   this  occurrence  a  good   deal   of  invention   attaches,   with   ihe   necessary  result  of  confusing  history.     A 
careful  examination  of  all  authorities  leads  me  to  summarize  it  thus  :  On  the  20th,  Moses  Sherwood  and 
Jack  Peterson  ( a  nmlatto  soldier  of  Van  Cortland's — the  3d — regiment  of  Westchester  militia,  who  had  been 
ii  prisoner  in  the/crjcv  ship,  and  who  died  at   103,  in  Tarrytown),  concealed  in  the  underbrush  at  North 
Point,  fired  on  a  boat— presumably  a  flag — from  the  Vulture. 
On  this  one  fact  a  mass  of  traditionary  and  legendary  romance  has  been  built.    As  a  specimen  :  So  practical  a 
man  of  business  as  Freeman  Hunt  (Letters  about  the  Hudson)  states  that  the  eveut  was  on  the  22d  ;  that 
the  Ixjat  was  filled  with  men,  but  that  they  had  only  one  musket  among  them  (!)  ;  that  it  was  to  take 
abo.ird  Aiidid,  who,  soon  after  its  repulse,  came  down  near  the  shore,  but  had  to  go  back  to  Crompond  (!!) 
where  he  spent  the  night  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Smith  (!!!) 
Such  is  history  "as  she  is  wrote,"  even  forty  years  nearer  Andr6  than  are  we  to-day. 
The  firing  of  Livingston's  cannon,  on  the  22d,  was  an  entirely  separate  affair. 

'  There  is  no  doubt  he  expected  and  wished  to  see  Robinson. 

<  While  jireviously  living  in  New  York,  he  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  "Sons  of  Liberty,"  with  Marinus 
WiUett  and  other  Whigs.  Jones  (A'.  }'.  in  the  Revolution^  says  Smith  was  one  of  tlie  mob  which,  in 
1775,  tried  to  seize  Rev.  Dr.  Myles  Cooper,  President  of  King's  (now  Columbia)  College,  and  maltreat 
him  for  his  Tory  sympathies.  In  1776  he  and  his  brother-in-law.  Colonel  Hay  (of  whom  more  hereafter), 
were  members  of  the  New  York  Convention,  which  drafted  the  State  Constitution.  He  always  asserted 
his  ignorance  of  Arnold's  design^!,  but  Dr.  Thacher  (Military  Journal)  says  he  "had  long  been  suspected 
of  a  predilection  for  the  British  interest."     Compare  Lamb's  opinion  of  him,  post. 

'<  They  had  three  children— Joshua  Gordon,  Sarah  and  Laura  Sophia  (the  latter  by  his  second  wife,  see  Chapter 
v.).  Sarah  married  Thomas  Hay,  probably  son  of  Colonel  A.  H.  Hay.  Laura  married  —  West,  and 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Smith  (Joshua's  brother)  married  John  C.  Spencer,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  in  1842, 
and  became  the  mother  of  the  unfortunate  Midshipman  Philip  Spencer,  of  the  brig  Sotners. 
Dr.  Thacher,  who  had  met  her  at  West  Point,  at  the  house  of  Major  Bauman,  says:  "Mrs.  Smith  was  an 
accomplished  and  interesting  woman."  «  Major  and  Quartermaster,  1 

^  Samuel  had  previously,      J  P^S^  5- 


t^^ta^^i^^^^^ 


FROM    THE    ORIGINAL    CY    TRUM8ULL. 


The  passes  read : 

Headquarters, 

Robinson  House, 

Sept.  20,  1780. 
IVnuission  is  given  to  Joshua  Smith,  Esquire,  a  gentleman,  Mr.  John   Anderson, 
wlio  is  with  him,  and  his  two  servants,  to  pass  and  repass  the  guards  near  King's  Ferry 

at  all  times.  •• 

B.  Arnold,  M.  Gen'l. 

Headquarters, 

Robinson  House, 

Sept.  21,  1780 
IVnuission  is  granted  to  Joshua  Smith,  Esq.,  to  go  to   Dobbs'   Ferry  with   three 
men  and  a  Hoy  with  a   Flag  to  carry  some  Letters  of  a  private   Nature  for  Gc.itlemen  in 

New  York,  and  to  return  immediately. 

B.  Arnold,  M.  Gen'l. 

N.  B.  He  has  iiermi.ssion  to  go  at  such  hours  and  times  as  the  tide  and  his 
business  suits.  B.  A. 

To  protect  him  still  further  he  was  given  a  letter  to  Beverly  Robinson, 
who  had  previously  written  Arnold  for  an  interview  on  the  subject  of  his  con- 
fiscated property:' 

"  This  will  be  delivered  to  you  by  Mr.  Smith,  who  will  conduct  you  to  a  place  of 
.safety.  Neither  Mr.  Smith  nor  any  other  person  shall  he  made  acquainted  with  your 
projx)sals.  If  they  (which  I  doubt  not)  are  of  such  a  nature  that  I  can  officially  take 
notice  of  them,  I  .shall  do  it  with  pleasure.  I  take  it  for  granted  that  Colonel  Robinson 
will  not  propose  anything  that  is  not  for  the  interest  of  the  United  States  as  well  as 
himself." 

The  start  was  made  at  about  midnight  of  Thursday,  the  21st.  By  Arnold's 
orders  the  oars  were  muflfled  with  pieces  of  sheepskin.  As  the  moon  did  not 
rise  until  six  o'clock  Friday  morning,  the  flag  of  truce  could  not  have  been  seen, 
had  it  been  used  that  night — a  fact  which  had  an  important  bearing  on  the 
results  of  the  trip.  The  countersign,  to  pass  the  American  guard-boats,  that 
night,  was  "Congress,"^  The  boat  was  allowed  to  come  alongside,  or  seems  to 
have  done  so  almost  unperceived  by  the  sentinel,  and  Smith  got  aboard  by 
a  convenient  rope,  only  to  be  received — as  he  says — with  threats  from  the  watch- 

«  Major  and  Quartermaster  William  Kiers  (Kierse  or  Kierce),  seems  to  have  been  in  charge  at  Stony  Point. 
It  is  to  be  presunied  he  was  of  Livingston's  regiment,  though  the  only  record  of  him  in  the  State's 
archives  is  as  a  captain  of  the  Haverstraw  militia,  in  1778.  This  regiment  was  commanded  hv  Colonel 
Hay.  I  have  found  it  impossible  to  find  his  de.scendants,  or  to  obtain  any  definite  information  about 
him. 

7  Sanuiel  had  previously  refused  to  row  Smith  to  the  Vulture  on  the  twentieth,  and  Smith  sent  him  on 
horseback  to  Arnold,  with  a  letter  to  that  effect,  which  brought  the  traitor  at  once  to  Haverstraw. 

1  On  the  seventeenth,  when  Washington  and  Arnold  were  together  at  Smith's  house,  Arnold  showed  the  Chief 
a  letter  from  Robinson  about  his  confiscated  estates,  addressed  to  General  Putnam,  or  the  officer  com- 
manding at  West  Point.  The  writer  requested  an  interview,  which  Washington  discouraged,  adding  that 
Arnold  might  send  a  trusty  representative  if  he  chose.  In  telling  the  story  to  Luzerne  he  added  :  "  I  had 
no  more  susjiicion  of  Arnold  at  the  time  than  of  myself."  -'  The  question  of,  page6. 


officer,  who  evidently  had  not  been  taken  into  his  superiors'  confidence.  He  was 
allowed  to  enter  the  cabin,  where  he  found  Sutherland  and  "old  Colonel 
Robinson.'"  The  third  person,  who  was  to  play  so  important  a  part  in  the 
events  of  the  week — Andre  himself — was  in  his  berth  at  the  moment,  but  soon 
came  out  and  joined  the  party.  After  Smith  liad  given  Robinson  the  letter  from 
Arnold  and  announced  his  errand,  Andre  offered  to  go  ashore  with  him,  as 
Robinson  refused.  vScveral  authorities  agree  that  both  Robinson  and  Sutherland 
expected  Arnold,  though  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why,  in  view  of  his  letter. 
In  fact  each  party  to  the  transaction  seems  to  have  expected  the  other  to  take  the 
risk  of  coming  to  him.  Robinson  and  Arnold  were  each  too  cautious  to  run  into 
danger,  but  not  so  Andre.  Though  both  Robinson  and  Sutherland  opposed  him, 
he  was  tired  of  inaction  aboard  ship,  and  was  not  to  be  dissuaded  from  trying  to 
dose  the  long  correspondence  by  a  personal  interview.  Entering  Smith's  boat, 
both  were  soon  on  shore,  at  a  spot  at  the  foot  of  Long  Clove  Mountain,  about  two 
miles  below  Haverstraw.  It  is  now  identifiable  only  by  the  remains  —  visible  at 
low  tide — of  "  Andre's  dock,"  on  the  beach  at  the  terminus  of  a  road  extending 
from  the  Clove  to  the  river.  The  slope  is  steep,  and  the  road  itself,  many  years 
disused,  is  overgrown  with  trees  and  underbrush,  yet  its  course,  northeast  from 
the  old  liighwa}',"  is  still  fairly  plain.  In  the  view  of  the  landing-place"  the  large 
boulder  on  the  left  stands  almost  on  a  line  with  the  north  side  of  the  dock,  and 
is  the  most  prominent  object  on  the  shore.  Suitably  inscribed,  this  would  con- 
stitute an  admirable  monument  for  the  spot  identified  with  an  event  of  so  miich 
historic  importance. 

2  The  qiitstion  of  the  tide  on  this  occasion  is  one  which  apparently  does  not  admit  of  solution.  Sargent  says 
tile  hiKit  was  started  on  'he  last  of  the  ebb,  and  by  the  time  the  I'lilltiiv  was  reached  it  was  young  flood. 
But  Caine's  A'i;i;ts/fr  for  1780  siiys  high  tide  was  at  three  A.  M.  of  Thursday,  or  about  four  A.  M.  of  Friday. 
"Tints  the  tide  would  have  been  against  the  rowers  all  the  way  down — nearly  twelve  miles.  The  Coast 
and  (leodetic  Survey  authorities  at  Washington  give  me  the  time  of  high  water  as  3,12  A.  M,  Friday,  which 
makes  no  material  diflerence."  ( E,  H.  Hai.i,,  Spirit  o/'y6,  March,  1898.) 
Smith's  historic  statement  is  that  it  was  strong  ebb  at  about  that  time. 
In  this  connection  the  table  from  Gaine's  Register  will  be  found  interesting  : 

Moon,  September,  1780. 
First  Quarter,  Tuesday  5th,  .5  P.  M. 

I'ldl  Moon,       Wednesday,  13th,  8     " 
Last  Quarter,   Thursday,      21st,  6  a.  m. 


New  Moon, 

" 

28th,  2 

" 

Tides. 

High 

1  Water. 

Sun  ri.ses. 

Sept.  20,  Wetl. 

21 

ir.    2 

5-57 

21,  Th. 

3 

"     0 

5.58 

22,  Fri. 

3 

"   54 

5-59 

23,  Sat. 

4 

"   50 

6.  0 

24,  Sun. 

5 

"   48 

6.  I 

25,  Mon. 

6 

"   40 

6-  3 

26,  tnes.May 

rain  7 

"   38 

6.  4 

27.  Wed. 

8 

"   30 

28,  Thurs. 

9 

"    27 

6.  5 

29,  Fri. 

10 

"  12 

6.  7 

30,  Sat. 

ir 

"     6 

6.  8 

Oct.      I,  Sun. 

It 

"  56 

6.10 

2,  Mon. 

12 

"  50 

6.13 

'  His  son,  Ileverly,  Jr.,  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  his  regiment. 

■I  See  map,  opposite  page.  8  In  the  view,  page  7. 


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We  may  now  return  to  our  traveller  for  a  brief  retrospect  of  his  career. 
Having  been  captured  at  St.  John's  in  1775/  and  imprisoned  successively  at 
Lancaster  and  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  Andre  was  not  unfamiliar  with  the 
American  character — in  fact,  by  1780  he  had  probably  been  longer  in  the  coiu-slry 
than  most  of  his  companions  in  arms.  It  was  to  Clinton's  esteem  he  owed  the 
personal  request  to  tlie  War  Office,  in  the  previous  August,  which  had  secured 
his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  Major  (in  the  54th  Regiment),  and  the  appointment 
as  Adjutant-General.  That  same  esteem  had  won  his  Chief's  consent  when 
Arnold  asked  that  he  be  sent  as  the  British  representative ;  but,  in  spite  of  his 
personal  attractions  and  professional  attainments,  his  course  in  the  important 
business  now  entrusted  to  him  clearlj'  shows  him  to  have  lacked  the  prudence 
and  readiness  vital  to  success  under  such  conditions.  It  was  a  fortunate  choice, 
for  the  patriot  cause,  for,  as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  show,  Arnold's  treason  was 
several  times  almost  successful,  failing  only  because  of  trifles  which  a  cooler  liead 
than  Andre's  might  have  easily  foreseen  and  as  easily  overcome.  This  leads  me 
to  call  these  three  weeks  the  crisis  of  the  Revolution.  Clinton  remembered  that 
the  capture  of  Fort  Washington,  the  first  great  success  of  the  British  anus  —  if 
we  except  the  battle  of  Long  Island  —  was  achieved  by  the  liberal  use  of  gold, 
securing  the  defection  of  the  "  first  American  traitor,""  Demont  (or  Dement),  and 
he  naturally  looked  for  much  greater  success  in  Arnold's  case,  for  the  stake  was 
greater,  and  he  was  as  ready  to  buy  at  any  cost  as  Arnold  to  sell.  The  time  was 
opportune,  for  the  colonies  had  had  five  years'  ceaseless  fighting.  Continental 
money  was  practically  worthless,  and  the  future  was  very  dark.  Even  Washington 
wrote  that  he  had  "  almost  ceased  to  hope."  The  plan  was  simple  enough,  and, 
so  far  as  Arnold  was  concerned,  was  carried  out — the  fatal  weakness  lay  with 
Andre.'  West  Point  once  in  British  hands,  what  might  not  have  been  the  change 
in  our  national  history?  Could  independence  have  been  achieved — and  at  how 
much  greater  cost  of  time,  blood  and  money  ?* 

s  In  the  view  from  Uie  south  showing  Haverstraw  in  the  distance.    The  other  view  shows  Teller's  Point,  nearly 
opposite. 

1  He  was  quartennaster  of  the  post.     His  first  comniission  was  as  Second   Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Fusiliers 

(7th  Foot),  March  4,  1771.  The  regiment  was  sent  to  Canada  by  way  of  Philadelphia,  in  1773,  so  that  he 
was  in  the  future  capital  of  the  Colonies  while  the  first  Congress  wtis  in  session.  I.os.sing  (  Two  Spiis) 
says  he  di<l  not  arrive  until  September,  1774,  and  that  he  wore  citizen's  dress,  visited  New  York  and 
Boston,  and  reached  Quelle  in  November.  He  thinks  Sir  Ouy  Carleton  directed  him  to  do  this,  to  gain 
infonnation  of  the  patriots'  plans,  etc. 
After  the  battle  of  Long  Island  he  was  exchanged,  and  soon  iiiiide  Captain  in  the  26th  Regiment — the 
"  Cameronians."  While  in  Philadelphia  during  its  occupation  bv  the  British,  his  fondness  for  social  and 
theatrical  affairs  brought  him  into  the  circle  of  acquaintance  with  Miss  Shippen,  who  became  Arnold's 
second  wife. 

2  See  W.  R.  Benjamin's  chapter  in  the  S.  A.  R.'s  pamphlet.  Fort  H'as/iington  (N.  Y.,  1S97). 

Strictly  speaking,  he  was  not  the  nrst,  for  Dr.  Church  and  Major  Zed-.\  itz  preceded  jiiin  and  General  De 
Fertnoy  followed  them.  Church  was  head  of  the  army  ho.spitil  at  Boston,  1775,  Zedwitz  was  Major  cf 
McDougall's  —  First  —  New  York  Regiment,  and  was  cashiered  foi  a  treasonable  correspondence  with  Trjon 
after  the  battle  of  White  Plains.  De  Fernioy  set  fire  to  his  house  on  Mount  Independence,  at  Ticonderoga, 
in  1777,  thereby  revealing  to  the  enemy  the  evacuation  in  progress. 

3  Had  Andr^  exhibited  a  presence  of  mind  worthy  of  his  reputation  for  sagacity,  the  die  had  been  cast  which 

sealed  the  fate  of  the  Highland  passes.— /.fatf.  4  i,,  the  first  place,  page  8. 


Andre  later  acknowledged  that  Clinton  had  explicitly  ordered  him  not  to 
enter  the  American  lines,  change  his  uniform  or  receive  papers.  A  caution 
against  putting  it  out  of  his  power  to  return  to  the  Vulture  would  have  seemed 
superfluous  — but  it  was  just  here  he  made  his  first  mistake.  True,  part  of  the 
resi)ousil)ility  rests  on  Robinson'  and  Sutherland,  but  that  he  would  go  ashore 
in  a  stranger's  boat,  without  providing  independent  means  of  return,  in  the  shape 
of  an  armed  l)oat  from  the  Vu/lurr,  cither  to  accompany  or  follow  Smith's,  could 
never  have  suggested  itself  to  anyone.''  We  may  now  return  to  the  midnight 
conference.  .Arnold  awaited  his  visitor  probably  very  near  the  centre  of  the  spot 
shown  in  the  view  of  "  The  Firs."  Smith  says  he  was  "  hid  in  a  clump  of  firs." 
Though  but  few  such  trees  are  there  now,  there  are  enough  to  retain  for  the  place 
something  of  its  original  aspect.  It  was  dim,  even  on  a  bright  August  morning, 
when  I  visited  it.  At  the  historic  hour  we  are  concerned  with,  there  was  no  moon, 
and  the  stars  could  have  given  little  or  no  light  through  the  dense  wood. 

The  steep  ascent  —  nearly  fifty  feet — from  the  beach  was  easy  for  an 
active  young  man  like  Andre,  and  he  and  his  unknown  correspondent  were  soon 
met.  Expressing  surprise  and  regret  at  Robinson's  non-appearance,  the  traitor 
asked  Smith  to  return  to  the  boat.  To  be  thus  dismissed  to  the  society  of  his  two 
boatmen-tenants  must  have  been  galling  to  the  man  whose  aid  in  bringing  about 
the  meeting  had  been  sought  by  Arnold  but  a  few  days  before.  Of  course  he 
could  not  refuse,  and  the  two  conspirators  were  left  alone.  The  place  was  well 
suited  for  a  meeting  which  would  not  bear  daylight — literally  or  figuratively.  It 
was  easily  accessible  by  either  road  or  river,  yet  remote  from  any  dwelling.  Just 
what  passed  during  the  long  interview,  none  but  the  two  principals  ever  knew. 
Below,  the  tired  boatmen  probably  slept,  but  Smith,  suffering  alike  from  wounded 
pride  and  the  ague  to  which  he  was  subject,  must  have  had  a  weary  time  of 
waiting  in  the  boat  or  on  the   beach.     The  exact  length   of  the   interview   is 

*  In  the  first  place,  the  mere  acquisition  of  a  fortress  so  important,  with  aU  its  dependencies,  garrison,  stores, 
magazine,  veascls,  etc.,  was  (would  l)el  an  achievement  of  no  secondary  maKnitude.  The  supplies 
gatlRTed  here  were  very  great,  and,  once  lost,  could  not  have  l)eeii  readily,  if  at  all,  restored.  The  works 
were  esteemed  our  tower  of  salvation,  an  American  Gibraltar,  inipregnal)le  to  an  army  twenty  tliousand 
strong.  Though  yet  unfinished,  they  had  cost  three  million  dollars  and  three  years'  labor  of  the  army. 
Hut  tlie  ulterior  conse<iuences  of  its  possession  were  of  even  greater  importance.  It  would  have  enabled 
Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  have  checked  all  trade  between  New  England  and  the  Central  and  Southern  States. 
It  was,  in  Washington's  eyes,  the  twit  that  locked  this  connnunication.  The  Eastern  States  chiefly 
deiwnded  for  their  breailstuffs  on  their  sisters  in  the  Union,  were  commercial  rather  than  agricultural 
connnunilies,  and  the  power  that  at  once  commanded  the  seaboard  and  the  Hudson  might  easily  bring 
upon  them  all  the  horrors  of  famine.  From  Canada  to  Long  Island  Sound  a  virtual  barrier  would  have 
shut  o\it  New  England  from  its  supplies,  as  the  wall  of  Antonine  barred  the  free  and  rugged  Caledonians 
from  the  Roman  colonies  and  the  south  of  Britain. — Sparks. 

1  Colonel  Robinson  observed  that  as  they  had  but  two  men  in  a  large  boat,  they  would  find  some  difficulty  in 
gelling  on  shore,  and  proposed  that  one  of  ours  should  tow  them  some  part  of  the  way,  to  which  he 
(Sniitli)  objected,  as  it  might,  in  case  of  falling  in  with  any  of  their  guard-boats,  be  deemed  an  infringe- 
ment of  the  flag. — Sutherland  to  Clinton,  Oct.  5. 

■1  Andrd's  testimony  upsets  the  flag  theory  (see  Chapter  V).  Smith  says  he  asked  for  two  rowers,  to  aid  the 
ColquliDuns,  but  was  refused.  This  was  very  natural  on  Sutherland's  part.  I.eake  pertinently  remarks, 
"This  portion  of  the  i)lot  seems  to  have  been  most  clumsily  contrived,  and  unless  it  w.is  changed  in  part 
of  its  details,  failed  from  its  own  stupidity.  ^Vhy  the  I'liltiirf  should  not  have  been  ordered  to  anchor 
nearer  the  place  of  meeting  is  very  difficult  to  imagine."  She  was  now  twelve  miles  further  up-streani  than 
when  at  Uobbs'  Ferry. 


"Thk  Firs,"  Jvst  Bei.ow  Havekstraw. 
Scene  of  the  Arnold-Andre  Midnight  Conference. 


uncertain,  but  as  Smith  says  he  went  up  to  warn  Aniold  of  the  approach  of  day- 
light, it  could  not  have  been  less  than  three  hours,  if  we  allow  two  liours  from 
midnight  to  reach  the  dock  from  Havcrstraw,  and  the  sun  to  rise  at  six.  Arnold 
had  foreseen  a  prolonged  discussion,  and  had  caused  a  negro  servant'  to  ride  a 
horse  to  some  spot  convenient  to  the  meeting  place,  so  that  Andr6  might  have  a 
mount  if  necessary.  The  warning  of  Smith  ending  the  conference,  Andr6 
mounted,  the  negro  going  to  the  boat,  which  the  Colquhouns  rowed  back  up 
stream  to  Hay's  dock  in  Haverstraw  Creek."  The  mounted  pair  took  their  way 
over  the  old  highway  (now  disused  and  closed  by  a  locked  gate).  At  some 
di.stance  from  the  "  Firs,'  it  joins  the  present  highway,  called  the  Clove  road. 

Haverstraw  in  1780  was  a  mere  hamlet,  the  original  buildings  of  which 
have  long  since  disappeared  before  the  advance  of  the  cavernous  brick  yards, 
some  of  which  have  in  their  turn  been  abandoned.  Its  southern  limit  was 
probably  about  the  spot  now  called  Kierse's  dock  (formerlj'  owned  by  descendants 
of  the  Stony  Point  quartermaster.)  Near  this  must  have  been  the  sentry'  whose 
unexpected  challenge  must  have  sent  a  thrill  through  Andre,  showing  as  it  did 
that  he  had  —  unwittingly  —  violated  Clinton's  first  injunction,  by  entering  the 
American  lines.  It  was  too  late  to  draw  back  —  Arnold  gave  the  countersign,  and 
they   passed   on.     The    way    to   Smith's    house,    whither   they    were   bound,    led 

through  a  thinly  popu- 

/^                                  ^^-^5''^--?^    y'^—^ — '     lated  tract  until  Colonel 
^fy^^e^/^^£/'^^rrt^'^^f^^'^*^^^  Hay's^   house  was  seen. 

yjr^y                                  )  in  the  gray  of  morning. 

W^/^^-^  ^^^W ,  Near  this  was  the  dock, 

^.^^^''^  all  traces  of  which  have 

C^^  been  obliterated  by  one 

of  the  all-devouring  brick 
yards.  Hay's  house  has  also  ^^oue,  its  site  alone  being  identified  by  an  old  frame 
building  on  an  eminence  left  by  cutting  down  the  rest  of  the  plateau  for  brick-clay. 

1  Probably  Smith's  own,  whom  we  shall  meet  again. 

On  September  19th  Arnold  wrote  to  one  Jefferson  : 

Headquarters, 
Robinson  House,  Sept.  19,  1780. 
To  Mr.  Jefferson, 

Fredericksburg,  N.  V. 
Sir — You  will  please  to  pick  out  of  the  horses  you  have  now  in  your  custody,  or  which  you  may  hereafter 
receive,  a  pair  of  the  best  wagon-horses,  as  also  two  of  the  very  best  saddle  liorses  you  can  find,  for  my  use. 
You  '11  send  them  to  me  as  soon  as  possible. 

I  am,  Sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

B.  Arnold,  M.  G. 
The  saddle  horses  may  have  been  those  used  on  this  occasion. 

2  The  vexed  question  why  they  did  not  take  An(lr(5  back  to  the  Vulture,  may  be  comp.ired  with  his  own  state- 

ment in  Ch.  V.  He  evidently  expected  to  return  to  the  vessel  next  day.  Mv  own  idea  is  that  the 
Colquhouns,  both  tired  bv  their  work  and  angry  at  being  compelled  to  it  by  Arnold,  were  also  suspicious 
of  the  whole  busiuess,  and  anxious  to  be  rid  of  it ;  so  they  used  the  adverse  tide  as  a  convenient  excuse  for 
refusing  Smith's  request  to  return  to  the  Vulture.  Very  probably  they  were  not  sorry  for  the  chance  of 
thus  "getting  even"  with  Arnold. 

»  Of  Spencer's  New  Jersey  Regiment  (see  page  15).  <  Ann  Hawkes  Hay,  page  10. 


lO 

Smith's  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  distant,  in  what  is  now  West  Haver- 
straw,  nearly  a  mile  north  by  west  of  the  West  Shore  railroad  station,  and  half  a 
mile  from  the  station  of  the  New  Jersey  and  New  York  road.  Here  the  Stony 
Point  highway  conies  in  from  the  north  at  a  right  angle  to  that  which  extends  to 
Garnersville.  It  is  quite  straight  for  some  distance,  at  the  foot  of  a  bluff  forming 
the  western  Iwundary  of  the  alluvial  plain  on  which  stands  the  greater  part  of  the 
two  Haverstraws.  An  old  road  which  extended  to  it  from  Hay's  dock,  and  which 
our  two  riders  probably  followed,  has  long  disappeared.  The  tourist  is  apt  to  be 
misled  as  to  which  of  the  residences  on  the  ridge  is  the  landmark  he  seeks.  Two 
arc  white,  and  very  similar,  but  the  northernmost  is  our  goal.  It  is  but  a  short 
distance  from  the  other,  and  readied  by  a  very  steep  road,  directly  up  the  face  of 
the  ridge.  Up  this  Arnold  and  Andre  must  have  ridden.  Smith's  name  for  the 
property  was  "  Belmont."  It  is  just  four  and  one-tenth  miles'  from  the  scene  of 
the  interview  at  "The  Firs."  The  Smiths — there  were  fourteen  sons  and 
daughters  —  were  extensive  landowners  in  this  region,  and  Joshua  seems  to  have 
built  his  house  on  land  belonging  to  his  brother  Thomas.  This  was  about  1770, 
probably  just  before  his  marriage.  It  remains  practically  as  in  1780,  save  in 
two  minor  particulars:  the  eastern  piazza  is  modern,-  and  the  roof  balustrade. 
The  east  side  originally  had  only  the  narrow  Dutch  "stoep"  (stoop)  with  a  seat  on 
either  side.  The  hallway  is  broad  and  the  stairs  make  a  square  turn  half-way  up. 
The  east  half  of  the  ground  floor  comprises  a  single  room,  the  parlor.  Its 
windows  command  a  magnificent  view  south  and  east,  only  excelled  by  the  same 
prospect  from  the  second  story.  Everything  about  the  building  (which  is  locally 
known  as  "  Treason  House  "  and  its  site  as  "Treason  Hill)  shows  its  connection 
with  the  eighteenth  centurj".  Its  form  is  nearly  square — 55  by  45  feet — its 
material  stone,  stuccoed  white.  The  wings  are  wooden  and  probably — certainly 
as  to  the  exterior — of  the  second   generation  since   1770,  but  the  same  as  the 

*  Ann  Hawkes  Hay  ( whose  singulp.r  ClirisUaii  name  recalls  that  of  De  Montmorency,  the  historic  Constable 
of  I'rance )  was  the  stm  of  a  Scotch  planter  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  where  he  was  horn  about  1754.  He 
was  sent  to  New  York  to  be  e<luc:ite<l,  and  in  1772  married  Martha  Smith,  sistur  of  Joshua  Ilett  Smith.  {A 
coincidence  is  that  his  di.stingui.shed  contemporary,  Alexander  Hamilton,  was,  like  him,  born  the  son  of  a 
Scotch  planter,  in  the  island  of  Nevis,  1757,  and  sent  to  New  York  for  his  education.  The  two  may  have 
met  at  King's  College. ) 

The  Tory  influence  of  some  of  his  wife's  relatives  was  exerted  to  the  utmost,  to  win  him  to  the  British  cause 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  Twice  a  commission  in  the  royal  army  was  offered  him,  but  refused. 
He  was  appointe<l  ( 1776)  Colonel  of  the  Haverstraw  militia  regiment,  whicli  did  duty  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Iluilson  from  Haverstraw  to  Fort  Lee.  He  attracted  the  notice  of  Washington,  who  was  a  frequent 
visitor  at  his  house.  Soon  after  the  execution  of  .\ndrd  a  British  force  was  sent,  at  the  instigation  of 
Tryon,  to  Haverstraw,  to  l)urn  the  dwelling.  A  negro  slave  i;etrayed  the  place  in  the  garden  where  the 
family  silver  and  other  valual)les  had  teen  buried,  and  they  were  carried  off. 

Colonel  Hay  died  suddenly  in  New  York,  alxjut  17S6,  leaving  a  large  family.  The  present  members  of  it  now 
reside  in  South  Carolina  and  in  Clinton  County,  New  York.  I  am  indebted  to  his  great-grandson,  Mr. 
I,.  D.  Hay,  of  We.st  Chazy,  N.  Y.,  for  most  of  lhe.se  facts. 

In  the  last  letter  written  by  \V'a.shington  to  Arnold  (September  14)  he  says:  "I  hope  Colonel  Hay's  plan  for 
obtaining  a  supply  of  flour  from  the  State  of  New  York,  and  his  application  to  the  people  of  the  [New 
Hamp.shire]  Grants  will  both  meet  with  success.     He  is  a  faithful  an<l  iiulefatigable  officer." 
I  Measured  by  K.  H.  Hall,  1897. 

»  Possibly  the  western,  also,  but  1  am  not  sure  of  this.  An  odd  feature  is,  that  while  there  is  no  approach  by 
road  from  the  west,  the  house  really  faces  that  way,  as  is  siiown  by  the  brass  knocker  still  in  place  on  the 
hall  door. 


MAP  or 


,0 '  ,\  s  r  o  N  Y 
H  /\  V  E    R  S  T  R  A  W    -t-        ^/'  /-<jUm^  poi.,T 

V'  ? 


IN     THtTIMCOriHi: 

R  E  VO  L  U  T  I  O  N.o    Xt'^j*  u 


JoiKtLoHtU  SmitK  •3'/ 


/  Al\  /Andrc's  Landing  Pi>c£ 


(- 
■r. 


X   1 


X 


X     o 


W 


II 

originals  in  size  and  form.  The  whole  design  is  that  of  the  best  residences  of  its 
day,  and  when  new  and  in  good  condidon  it  must  have  been  a  handsome  and 
dignified  abode  for  a  man  of  means  and  good  social  position,  which  Smith  certainly 
was.  A  complete  list  of  its  visiters  of  note  would  be  interesting.  In  its  dining- 
room  Arnold,  his  host  and  Mrs.  Smith  dined  when  the  former  made  his  frequent 
visits  from  West  Point.  Mrs.  Arno'id,  with  her  child,  was  there  overnight, 
Tuesday,  the  twelfth'  of  September,  and  there  were  to  be  other  and  more 
distinguished  guests  soon  after.  Wayne  was  there  on  the  twenty-seventh,  and 
wrote  to  Washington,  dating  from  "  Smith's  white  house."  William  Irvine 
followed,  then  Lafayette,  and  finally  Washington,  again,"  nearly  a  year  later,  on 
his  way  to  Comwallis  and  Yorktown. 

Though  contemporary  opinions  as  to  Smith's  politics  varied  widelj',  he  was 
in  excellent  repute  with  many  good  Whigs.  Though  Colonel  Lamb,  commanding 
the  artillery  at  West  Point,  would  not  visit  him  (although  their  wives  were 
relatives)  as  he  deemed  him  a  Tory,  Knox  and  Robert  Howe  testified  in  his  favor 
at  his  trial,  and  Major  Kierse,  of  Stony  Point,  testified  that  Smith  had  lent  him 
a  thousand  dollars  that  very  summer,  to  aid  in  shipping  quartermaster's  stores, 
and  that  his  predecessor,  Quarterma-.ter  Henry,  had  had  a  similar  loan.  Colonel 
Hay  testified  that  in  Jul}',  1776,  Smith  was  one  of  thirteen  men  who,  in  the 
absence  of  ilie  militia,  successfully  resisted  the  landing  of  a  force  from  some 
British  vessels,  to  carrj'  off  some  stores  from  Haverstraw. 

In  the  parlor,  the  floor  boards  attest  the  building's  age.  They  are  spruce, 
unusually  wide  and  thick,  and  but  little  worn,  considering  their  century  and  a 
quarter  of  use.  The  grate,  fender,  and  iron-work  of  the  fireplace  are  said  to  be 
the  originals,  but  the  marble  mantel  and  jambs  have  been  transferred  to  the 
dining-room  and  replaced  by  others.  Thej'  are  of  white  marble  and  were  brought 
from  England.  On  the  mantel,  some  Vandal  has  roughly  scratched  the  name 
Bui  "  In  the  second  story  the  \isitor  is  shown  a  curious  secret  closet  under  the 
gai  t  stairs,  and  then  the  most  interesting  apartment  of  the  house,  the  southeast 
bedroom,  where  Arnold  and  Andre  breakfasted.^  Smith  himself  brought  the 
meal  upstairs,  and  Arnold  returned  to  the  Robinson  House  as  soon  as  it  was  over. 
Every  detail  of  the  conspiracy  had  been  settled  between  Andre  and  himself,  and 

1  There  has  been  some  variance  of  opinion  alraut  Uiis  date,  some  writers  claiming  it  was  the  nineteenth.     I  have 

followed  Leake,  who  says  Arnold    "brought  Mrs.  Arnold  to  the  Robinson  House,  the  next  day,"  which 
was  the  thirteenth. 

2  King  (see  Cli.  Ill)  says  he  heard  Washingi.on  tell  Luzerne  in  October,  that  he  dined  with  Arnold  at  Belmont 

the  day  he  started  for  his  conference  with  Rochanibeau  at  Hartford. 
As  Washington  was  crossing  from  King's  Ferry,  in  Arnold's  boat,  two  incidents  occurred,  which  although 
almost  unnoticed  at  the  time,  assumed  .some  importance  when  the  treachery  became  known.  The  Viilhire 
was  in  full  view,  and  while  Washington  was  regarding  her  through  his  spygla.ss,  and  speaking  in  a  low 
tone  to  one  of  his  officers,  Arnold  was  observed  to  appear  uneasy.  A  second  was  Lafayette's  remark  to 
Arnold,  {)/»v/><JS  of  the  expected  arrival  of  the  French  fleet  under  Count  de  Guichen.  Alluding  to  the 
frequent  conmiunications  by  water  between  New  York  and  the  Hudson  river  po.sts,  he  said:  "General, 
since  you  have  a  correspondence  v.ith  the  enemy,  you  must  ascertain  what  lias  become  of  Guichen." 
Arnold'  was  disconcerted,  jirobably  fur  a  moment  thinking  his  plot  was  discovered  ;  but  nothing  more  was 
said,  as  the  shore  was  reached  at  that  moment. — Sparks,  qiiolcd  by  Lossing. 

'  After  Aaron  Burr.    *  According  to  Thacher,  page  12. 


12 

the  rfturn  of  Washington  from  Hartford  on  the  twenty-seventh  was  to  be 
signalized  by  the  captnre  of  the  Chief  as  well  as  that  of  West  Point.  During 
breakfast,  or,  as  some  accounts  have  it,  as  soon  as  they  had  reached  the  house,' 
the  two  heard  the  sound  of  distant  cannon,  and  from  the  southeast  window,  which 
commands  an  uninterrupted  view  for  miles  up  and  down  the  Hudson,  saw  the 
/  «//«;v  lying  close  to  Teller's  Point— too  close  for  safety.  Colonel  Livingston 
had  noticed  her  position  a  day  or  two  before,  and  asked  Arnold  for  two  cannon  to 
use  against  her.  Arnold  evaded  compliance,  and  he  was  obliged  to  content 
himself  with  a  four-pounder,  which  seems  to  have  been  the  only  gun  at  Ver- 
planck's.  Securing  from  Lamb  a  small  supply  of  powder,"  which  the  veteran 
artillerist  grudgingly  furnished,^  he  went  on  Wednesday  to  Croton  Landing  and 
thence  to  the  farmhouse  of  William  Teller  on  the  Point,  to  get  a  horse'  to  draw 
the  cannon  down.  By  Thursday  night — the  twenty-first — this  was  accomplished, 
and  the  gun  in  place  on  or  very  near  Northwest  Point,  as  shown  on  the  map. 
This  was  not  over  a  thousand  yards,  or  two-thirds  of  a  mile,  from  the  sloop.  The 
river  here,  between  Squaw  Point  and  Andre's  dock,  is  quite  two  miles  wide.  The 
success  of  the  cannonade  is  historic.  Smith  says  the  vessel  seemed  to  be  afire. 
Had  she  not  got  away  downstream  with  the  tide  she  must  have  been  sunk  or 
captured."  Thus  the  historic  four-pounder  was  the  first  link  in  the  chain  of 
events  which  were  to  array  themselves  against  him  who,  as  Smith  says,  was  so 
vehemently  wishing  himself  again  aboard  the  vessel.  The  return  to  her,  on 
which  he — and  perhaps  Arnold  also — had  counted,  was  henceforth  impossible. 
With  her  went  the  safe  and  easy  return  to  New  York,  where  promotion  and 
honors  awaited  him.  Now,  alone  within  an  enemy's  country,  without  means  of 
escape  except  such  as  Smith  was  willing  to  furnish,  he  must  have  passed  a  day  of 

3  After  Aaron  Burr  resigiied  from  the  army,  in  1779,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  an  honorable  record 
of  four  years'  service,  lie  began  to  study  law,  and  in  the  spring  of  1781  went  to  Haveistraw.  Thomas  Smith 
was  then  occupying  "  Belmont,"  Joshua  being  in  jail  at  Goshen  (see  Clunjiter  III ).  Thomas  seems  to  have 
l>een  forced  out  of  New  York  City,  whether  by  want  of  practice  during  the  British  occupancy,  or  because 
suspected  of  Whig  sympathies  is  uncertain.  The  first  seems  more  likely,  as  a  third  brotlier,  William,  was 
Chief  Justice  of  New  York  and  in  Clinton's  confidence  (see  Chapter  IV).  As  Jo.shua  says  he  himself 
had  met  Burr  before,  this  was  apparently  not  his  first  visit  to  Haverstraw.  He  read  law  with  Thomas  at 
"Belmont"  for  six  months.  In  the  New  York  Packet  of  November  15,  17S3,  Thomas  advertises  "Bel- 
mont "  for  sale  or  to  let,  as  containing  "  150  acres  or  more  of  good  land,  situate  three  miles  from  King's 
Ferry,  giKnl  house,  with  six  fireplaces."     (The  property  was  his,  not  Joshua's). 

<  According  to  Th.icher,  this  was  not  until  ten  o'clock.     Smitli  had  sent  his  wife  and  cliildren  away  to  Fishkill 

(see  Chai)ter  II). 

I  Smith  siiys  he  saw  the  firing  bejjin  while  he  w!is  returning  in  his  boat.  This,  however,  may  mean  just  as  he 
was  landing.  He  s.iys,  "  firing  from  Gallows  Point,"  and  several  who  quote  him  have  evideiitiv  not  looked 
at  his  eirata,  where  he  says  it  should  be  Teller's.  On  some  old  maps  the  name  is  printed  Tallus.  That 
printed  opposite  ii  from  the  latest  survey  (1898)  made  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Hall,  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

■  This  must  have  been  without  Arnold's  knowledge. 

'  "  Tiring  at  a  ship  with  a  four-pounder,"  he  wrote,  "  is  in  my  opinion  a  waste  of  powder."  Yet,  as  Leake  ver\- 
truly  says,  in  commenting  on  this  remark  of  Ijiinb,  "  Hiid  Colonel  l.anib  been  aware  of  the  bles.sed  effects  to 
be  produced  by  this  cannonade,"  etc.  (see  Leake,  page  25,S)  "  he  would  not  have  disjiensed  his  munitions  so 
grudgingly  ;  for  never  were  balls  .so  well  expeniled  as  those  which  were  fired  upon  that  occasion." 

<  In   1863  the  late  Mrs.  Williams,  one  of  Teller's  twin  daughters,  told  Miss  Cornelia  Van   Cortland   that  she 

remembered  the  event,  and  that  she  and  her  si.ster  followed  the  party  all  the  way  over  "  Cortland's  Neck  " 
to  Teller's,  weeping  for  fear  the  horse  would  never  be  returned  to  the' farm.  "    "  Just  here  I,  page  13. 


JosiuA  Hett  Smith's  Housk. 

The  Andre  Window  (whence  he  saw  the  firing  on  the   I'lillnir 


HAVE 


CROTON  POINT 


EXPLANATION   OF    MAP. 

Place  whence  Peterson  anil  Sherwooil  fireil  on  the  boat  from  tlie  I'lilliiiv.  September  2()lli,  ly.St 


ants  of  Peterson  have  the  musket.     2.   Linden  Colta^e.     .1 


Descend- 
Cannon  l)all  found  by  Kufjene  .\nderson,  who  now 


has  it  It  weighs  five  pounds.  4  Old  nmsket  ram-rod  found  in  clay.  In  possession  of  II.  C,  Morehouse.  5.  I'nder- 
hill  Homestead.  6.  Olil  oak  tree,  a  landmark.  Xo  one  knows  how  old.  7.  Vine  Cottage.  «.  Pish  house. 
Q  Cannon  ball  weiKhing  nearlv  six  pounds,  plowed  up  in  meadow.  10.  S(|uaw  Point.  Directly  opi)osile,  on  the 
western  bank  \ndre  landed  from  the  I'ltlliiir  and  first  met  Arnol.l.  11.  Picnic  Point,  where  .'.noch  Crosby, 
Cooper's  Sf>Y  once  enticed  a.sliore  and  helped  capture  a  boat-load  of  Uritish  soldiers.  12.  I'arm  house  135  years 
old  1  ;  Itahan  villa  built  bv  Dr.  Robert  T.  fnderliill,  deceased.  14.  Cannon  ball  found  lodged  111  a  tree  about 
eigiitv  years  ago  bv  Dr  I'nd'crhill.  The  ball  is  now  ill  possession  of  S.  \V.  rmlerbill  and  weighs  alxjut  six 
pounds'  The  tree  ii  not  now  standing,  and  the  oldest  inhabitant  does  not  remember  in  whicli  .side  of  the  tree  the 
ball  lodged.  15.  Place  where  earthworks  were  thrown  up  by  Americans*  when  they  brought  the  cannon  down 
to  the  point.  Vouched  for  bv  S.  \V.  riiderhill,  wlio  livc(l  there  for  si.xty  years. 
Where  the  shore  has  declivity  marks  it  is  high  and  rocky. 


Dijtted  shore  is  low  and  sandy. 
E.  H.  Hall. 


•I,iviiig.stoii's  cannon  may  have  lieeu  .shifted  from  one  pl.icc  to  another,  as  the  Vullurt  got  under  way. 


u 


exquisite  discomfort.  Siuitli  served  him  dinner'  in  the  same  upper  room,  and  he 
accepted  —  as  he  liad  to — his  offer  to  escort  him  to  the  British  lines,  near  Wliite 
Plains.  (It  was  really  Arnold's  plan.  See  Andre's  statement  later.)  lu 
changinj^  his  uniform  co;U;  and  hat  for  such  as  Smith  lent  him,  he  made  another 
mistake,  as  he  had  previously  made  one  in  acceptinj^  from  Arnold  the  various 
papers  —  now  preserved  at  Albany  —  containing  details  of  the  post  and  garri-son 
at  West  Point.-  Thus,  in  less  than  one  day,  Clinton's  three  specific  cautions 
had  all  been  disregarded.  The  transaction  of  the  papers  is  incomprehensible,  as 
they  were  in  no  way  necessary  to  his  mission.  As  Sargent  suggests,  their  salient 
points  could  easily  have  been  memorized, 
or  embodied  in  a  brief  form,  intelligible 
only  to  himself.  To  receive  and  carry 
them  was  surprising  rashness.'  Sargent 
may  be  right  in  thinking  he  exacted  them 
of  Arnold  as  a  proof  of  sinceritj-,  or  that 
the  latter  offered  them  as  such.  The 
latter  seems  more  likely,  as  he  had  them 
ready.     During  the  day  Smith  must  have 

crossed    the    river    on    the    errand    which  

was  so  nearly  successful,  and  would   liave  ^-ra^nw^^     -*> 

changed  the  whole  subsequent  histor}-  if  it 

had  been.     The  incident  has  never  received 

the  historical  prominence   it  deserves.     In 

1844    Mrs.   Gerard   G.   Beekman   (Cornelia 

Van  Cortland,  daughter  of  General  Pierre) 

was   living    at    Tarrytown,    and,   although  .i.,,^  ,^^„^,>  TABr.K. 

nearlj'    ninety-   years    old,    in    full    mental 


I'  Jiisl  liert  I  may  remark  mi  wliat  seems  ti>  iiie  a  singular  omission  on  the  part  of  all  authorities — vi?..,  the  action 
of  the  /  'iilliiir  lurself  during  the  camionaile.  Does  anyone  sup])osc  the  ccminiander  of  a  vessel  mounting 
fourteen  j;uns  woulil  remain  (|tiiescent  while  a  four-pounder  was  firiiiK  on  her?  Yet  no  one  seems  to  have 
thought  the  "  fire  "  wliich  Smith  saw  was  what  it  nuist  un<loubte<lly  have  been  —  the  flashes  of  fire  and  the 
dense  cloud  of  smoke  tlirough  wliich  they  spurted  in  rapid  succession,  giving  the  vessel  the  appearance  of 
being  actually  in  llames  as  lier  seven  guns  —  the  battery  on  one  side — were  rapidly  replying  to  Livingston's 
one  small  cannon.  No  doubt  part  of  the  crew  were  making  every  effort  to  get  her  under  sail  and  out  of 
range,  but  the  finding  at  dilTirent  places  on  the  Point  of  cannon  balls  larger  than  Livingston's  piece  could 
use  shows  conclusively,  1  think,  that  at  least  part  of  her  battery  was  actively  engaged  with  the  daring  foe. 
It  is  much  to  be  regreUed  that  no  report  from  Lieutenant  Sutherland  of  the  action  is  accessible. 

An  unpublished  diary  of  General  Henry  Dearlxirn  (then  Major  of  the  I'irst  New  Hampshire)  records; 
"  Orangetown  ( the  present  Tap])an  I,  22  .September,  1780.  At  d.aybreak  two  cannon  and  a  howitzer  began 
to  play  briskly  on  a  .ship  of  war  that  lay  in  the  river.  The  wind  and  tide  being  unfavorable  for  the  ship, 
she  was  not  able  to  get  out  of  reach  for  more  than  an  hour."  Could  this  have  been  the  {'«//«/'<■?  Tajjpan 
is  alxmt  nine  miles  below  Teller's  Point.  A  tradition  in  the  family  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Kbenezer 
Stevens,  of  Lamb's  re.ginient,  is  that  he  h.ad  himself  taken  out  cannon  and  fired  on  the  vessel,  following 
her  down  the  river  —  on  the  west  bank. — J/(7ir"-""' .'/'«'"  History,  August,  iSSo. 

Possibly  the  two  items  refer  to  the  same  case.  Stevens  may  have  taken  his  guns  some  distance  up-stream,  and 
thus  for  a  while  the  vessel  would  be  under  fire  from  both  banks. 

'  The  table  on  which  breakfast  and  dinner  were  served  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Gordon,  Haverhill,  Mass.  It 
is  circular,  of  mahogany,  claw-footed  and  with  a  tilting  top. 

^  See  Andre's  statement,  Chapter  V,  on  this  point.  -  The  following  are,  pages  16—  18. 


'4 

viRor.  Slie  told  Lossing  then  (and  in  1845  repeated  the  story  to  J.  Watson  Webb, 
with  trifling  variations)  that  Colonel  Sanuicl  B.  Webb's  younger  brother  Johti, 
usually  called  Lieutenant  Jack,'  came  to  the  Van  Cortland  house,^  at  North  Peeks- 
kill,  where  she  was  living,  about  the  seventh  of  September.  He  brought  a  valise 
containing  considerable  specie  and  his  new  uniform,  and  left  it  with  her,  caution- 
ing her  not  to  give  it  to  any  one  without  a  written  order  from  himself  or  his 
brother.  Riding  on,  he  dined  at  Peekskill,  presumably  at  a  tavern,  for  Joshua 
Hetl  vSmitli  was  present.  In  the  latter's  hearing  he  mentioned  the  call  he 
had  ji'st  made,  and  the  fact  was  not  lost  upon  his  auditor,  for  on  the  twenty- 
second  Smith  rode  to  Van  Cortland's,  where  he  asked  for  the  valise,  saying 
Jack  Webb  had  sent  him.  Mr.  Beekman  was  alxjut  to  send  a  servant  for 
it,  when  his  wife,  overhearing  the  conversation,  appeared  on  the  scene  and 
demanded  the  stipulated  written  order.  Smith  readily  answered  that  Webb  had 
not  had  time  to  write  it;  whereupon  she  refused  to  give  up  the  valise,  and  despite 
Smith's  angry  remonstrance,  he  was  forced  to  leave  without  it.  Had  his  effort 
succeeded,  Andre's  escape  in  the  uniform  would  have  been  certain.  Fortunately 
for  vSmith,  Mrs.  Beekman  does  not  .seem  to  have  told  the  story  at  the  time,  for 
she  was  not  summoned  as  a  witness  at  his  trial.  Her  story  seems  to  establish 
Colonel  Lamb's  opinion  that  Smith  was  a  Tory. 

Thus  Cornelia  Beekman  is  justly  entitled  to  the  credit  of  indirectly,  at 
least,  causing  Andre's  capture.' 

To  return  to  the  latter — Leaving  his  hat  and  scarlet  uniform  coat  in  the 
room  we  have  illustrated,  he  reluctantly  put  on  a  coat  belonging  to  Smith,^ 
apparently  of  a  shade  between  crimson  and  claret,  and  a  civilian's  round  beaver 
hat,  also  Smith's.  Over  all  he  put  the  long,  light-blue  cloth  cloak,  with  a  cape, 
-hich  he  had  worn  when  leaving  the  I'lilturc.  Thus  attired,  he  started  with 
Smith  and  the  negro'*  for  King's  Ferry,  just  before  sunset  on  Friday.  His  mount 
was  a  Goveniment  horse,  brown,  branded  U.  S.  A.  on  the  near  shoulder  (Smith 
claims  to  have  furnished  the  saddle  and  bridle).  From  Smith's  to  King's  Ferry 
is  three  miles,  bj'  a  winding,  hilly  and  picturesque  road,  which  crosses  two  small 
creeks  (Miner's  Falls  and  Florus  Falls),  passes  behind  Stony  Point  and  ends  at  a 
little  cove  just  north  of  it.  West  of  the  cove,  the  cut  made  in  constructing  the 
West  Shore  Railroad  destroyed  its  last  hundred  yards,  and  few  traces  of  it 
remain.  Its  course,  however,  was  pointed  out  to  me  by  the  venerable  John  Ten 
Eyck,  son  of  him  who  was  the  ferryman  from    1784  to  1844.     The  dock  of  1780, 

'  1  do  not  know  why,  for  his  actual  rank  was  Captain,  in  Sheldon's  dragoons. 
2  Called  the  Mansion  house,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Manor  house  at  Croton. 
^  In  Harfiii's  Afonthly  for  April,  1876,  it  is  stated  that  \Vashinf[ton  afterwards  thanked  her.     If  so,  he  could  not 

have  known  of  the  event  .it  the  time  of  Smith's  trial,  as  it  would  infallibly  have  hanged  Smith. 
*  This  advice  —  to  change  his  dress  — perplexing  to  unravel  as  it  is,  Andrd,  with  all  his  .sjig.icity  and  good  sense, 

was  prevailed  ii])on  to  i>uriiue,  for  what  reason  nolxxly  ever  knew.— yo«f.r,  I,  page  .172. 
B  As  Sargent  remarks,  it  is  very  possible  this  humble  retainer,  had  he  been  given  a  "half-joe"  (about  $A  specie), 

and  warned  to  keep  silent,  might  readily  have  contrived  a  way  to  put  Andr6  safe  aboard  the    Vulliirc 

again.     But  nobody  gave  his  possible  aid  a  thought. 


4/>?^>»^'^^^^^7^'/^ 


C     oi. 


■f.     ~ 


^5 

of  which  a  timber  or  two  can  be  seen  at  low  tide,  was  between  the  two  rows  of 
huge  old  willows  seen  in  the  view.  This  was  taken  from  the  Ten  Eyck  property 
on  the  north,  and  the  boulder  seen  on  a  line  with  the  post  in  the  nearer  stone 
wall  shows  the  exact  spot.  Lonely  and  deserted  as  it  now  is,  it  is  hard  to  realize 
that  during  the  Revolution  it  was  the  ferry-place  of  the  patriot  army  and  the 
public,  and  a  link  of  communication'  between  New  England  and  the  South.  As 
a  natural  sequence,  it  was  constantly  occupied  by  the  ferrymen  and  a  detail  of 
soldiers,  and  near  it  our  party  met  some  of  Livingston's  officers.  One  was 
Captain  Cooley,  probably  Adjutant  John,  late  of  the  Third  Westchester  militia, 
but  then  of  the  Fourth  (Colonel  Crane's).  A  second  was  William  Jameson. - 
Smith  asked  Cooley  if  they  could  get  a  boat,  and  was  told  they  might  catch  the 
Government  boat  if  they  were  quick  about  it.  They  had  previously  met  ALijor 
John  Burrowes,  of  Spencer's  New  Jersey  Regiment 
(often  called  the  Fifth  Battalion  of  the  Jersey  Line),"  / 

to  whom  Smith  dexterously  gave  the  slip  after  a  brief      ^^^^-i^ -y^-y-^rTfh.e^^ 

colloquy,  and  near  a  tent  —  of  either  Livingston  or     ^  a__£Z— -^— ri ~Q^ 

these   officers,   probably  the   latter'— Smith   stopped,  t::=*C:-^^< — -^ — ^V 

chatted,    and    without    dismounting    drank    grog    or 

punch  from  a  bowl  handed  him.  Andre  and  the  negro  meanwhile  rode  on.  It 
may  easily  be  supposed  the  former  was  in  no  mood  for  unnecessary^  conver- 
sation with  the  officers,  to  whom  Smith  was  well  known.  The  ferryboat,  which 
was  probably  a  bateau  (flatboat  or  scow)  was  just  starting  as  they  boarded 
her.  Among  the  rowers  were  Cornelius,  Lambert  and  Henry  Lambert  and 
Benjamin  Acker.  Henry  Lambert"*  was  steersman,  William  Van  Wert — or  Van 
Wart — was  the  ferrymaster,  and  on  reaching  the  eastern  shore  Smith  paid  him 
eight  dollars  Continental  money  for  the  ferriage.  Smith's  presence  doubtless  saved 
Andre  from  unwelcome  questions,  and  once  the  boat  reached  her  docl-,  in  the  deep 
bay  called  Green's  Cove,  nearly  a  mile  southeast  of  the  extremity  cf  Verplanck's 
Point  he  was  free  to  continue  his  journey  —  henceforward  to  be  full  of  danger. 


I  It  was  caUed  the  lower  route,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  upper,  temiiuating  at  Fishkill.     At  this  time  there 

were  i66  "bateau-men  "  at  Verplanck's  and  Stony  Points. 
'^  He  was  apparently  an  officer,  as,  witnessing  at  Smith's  trial,  he  spoke  of  "my  tent."     Possibly  the  company 

tent  was  meant.     The  New  York  records  do  not  contain  any  officer  of  the  name.    Another  account  says 

they  also  met  Major  Kierse. 
s  John  Burrowes  first  appears  as  Captain  in  I'orman's  New  Jersey  Regiment,  1776,  then  in   1779  as  Major  in 

Spencer's.    After  the  war  he  bec-iine  Sheriff  of  Monmouth  County,  N.  J. 
He  setn\s  to  have  been  commanding  officer  at  Haverstraw,   as  Smith,   on  his  trial,  asked  him  whether  his 

guards  at  the  lower  end  had  reported  to  him  "meeting  (being  passed  by)  two  strange  gentlemen  the  night 

bridge  "  (Thursday).     These  two  nuKst  have  been  Arnold  and  Audrd. 
I  On  bis  trial  Smith  .stated  that  he  met  Living.ston  at  Ver,,lanck's  Point.     Livingston  corroborated  him,  adding 

tbal  he  gave  Smith  two  letters  to  deliver,  one  e.'ich  for  .Arnold  and  Governor  Clinton.     Smith  adds  that 

Livingston  was  related  to  Mrs.  Smith,  and  that  he  asked  Andrd  and  hhn  to  remain  to  supper,  but  Andrd 

(Uelined.     While  Smith,  as  a  rule,  is  a  discredited  authority,  I  think  he  may  be  trusted  on  minor  points. 
0  Names  wliich  show  the  craft  must  have  been   the  Government   boat,   for  all    were  soldiers.      Cornelius   was 

a  veteran  who  had  served  in  the  Third  New  York  Levies  (Colonel  Morris  Graham).     Ir  the  previous  May 

he  had  enlisted  in  the  Fimrth  New  York  Continentals  (Colonel  James  Hughes)  in  which  Acker  was  also 

a  priv.ite.     Lambert  was  a  private  (Combs'  company)  and   Henry  a  lieutenant  (Orser's  company)  of  the 

Pirst  Westchester  militia. 


i6 

The  followinR  nre  true  copies  of  the  several  papers  : 

'*  "West  Point,  September  5th,  1780. 

"  Artillery  OrJen.  —The  following  disposition  of  the  corps  is  to  t.ike  place  in  Case  of  an  alarm  : 

"Capt.   Dannills  with  his  Comp'y  at  Fort  rutnaiii,  and  to  detach  an   OlTicer  with    12  Tnen  to  Wyllys's 
Redoubt,  a  Non  Commissioned  Oflicer  with  3  men  to  Webb's  Redoulit,  and  the  like  number  to  Redoubt  No.  4. 

"Captain  Thomas  and  Company  to  repair  to  I'ort  Arnold. 

"  Captain   Simmons  and  Comimny  to  remain  at  the  North  and  South  Redoubts,  at  the  Ka.st   side  of  the 
River,  until  further  Orders. 

"Lieutenant  Ilarber,   with   20  men  of  Ca])t.  Jackson's  Company,  will  repair  to  Constitution    Island;  the 
remainder  of  the  Comi)any,  with  Lieut.  Mason's,  will  repair  to  Arnold. 

"  Ciipt.   Lieut.  Cieorge  and  Lieut.  lilakc,   with  20  men  of  Captain  Treadwell's  Company,  will   Repair  to 
Redoubt  No,  I  and  2  ;  the  remainder  of  the  Company  will  be  sent  to  P'ort  Arnold. 

"  I.,ate  Jones's  Company,  with  Lieut,  risk,  to  repair  to  the  South  liattery. 

"The  Chain  Battery,  Sherburn's  Redoubt,  and  the  Brass  b'icld  pieces,  will  be  manned  from  Fort  Arnold 
as  Occation  may  re<iuire. 

"The  Cimimi.ssary  and  Conductor  of  Military  stores  will  in  turn   wait  u])on  the  Commanding  Officer  of 
Artillery  for  Orders. 

"The  artificers  in  the  garrison   (agreeable  to  former  Orders)  will  repair  to  Fort  Arnold,  and  there  receive 
further  Orders  from  the  Command'g  Officer  of  Artillery. 

"S.  Baum.sn,  Major  CominU  Artillery." 

'   '      This  and  the  following  document  are  in  Arnold's  lu.ndwriting :  .  *  » 

"  Estimate  of  Forces  at  IV'st  Point  and  its  Dependencies,  September  13,  1780. 
"  A  brigade  of  Massachusetts  Militia,  and  two  regiments  of  Rank  and  File  New  Hampshire,  Inclusive  of 

166  Batteaux  Men  at  Verplanck's  and  Stony  Points 992 

"  On  command  and  Extra  Service  at  F^ishkills,  New  Windsor,  &c.,  &c.,  who  may  be  called  in  occationally  S52 
"  3  regiments  of  Connecticut  Militia,  under  the  cont'd  of  Colonel  Wells,  on  the  lines  near  N.  Castle  .  .  .  488 
"  A  detachment  of  New  York  levies  on  the  lines 115 

Militia,  2447 

"Colonel  Lamb's  Regiment 167 

"  Colonel  Livingston's,  at  Verplank  and  Stoney  Pts 80 

Continent :         J47 

"  Colonel  Sheldon's  Dragoons,  on  the  lines,  al>out  one  half  mounted 142 

"Batteaux  Men  and  Artificers 250 

Total,  3086." 

The  following  document  is  in  the  handwriting  of  Villefranche,  a  FVench  engineer  : 
"  Estimate  of  the  Number  of  Men  necessary  to  Man  the  Works  at  West  Point  and  in  the  Vicinity. 


'  Fort  Arnold 6jo 

Putnam 450 

Wyllys 140 

Webb 140 

Redoubt  No.  I 150 

'N.B.— The  Artillery  Men  are  not  Included  in  the  above  Estimate.' 


Redoubt  No.  2 150 

120 

100 

'39 


ditto 

.1 

ditto 

4 

ditto 

5 

ditto 

6 

Redoubt  No.  7 78 

North  Redoubt 120 

South  Redoubt 130 

Total,  243S 


c 
y. 


17 


The  following  table  is  in  the  handwriting  of  Baunian,  Major  Comniamlaiil  of  Artillery  : 

'RETURN    OF    THK    ORDNANCE    IN    THE    DIFHKRKNT     FORTS,    BATTKRIES,    etc.,    AT    WEST     I'OINT    AND     ITS   DE- 
PENDENCIES,   SEPT.   5,    I7S0. 


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1. 

Fort  Arnold | 

Fort  Putnam | 

Constitution  Island 

Brass 

Iron 

Brass 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Brass 

Iron 

■  "i 

6 
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10 
5 

Chain  Ratterv                       

3 

2 

2  . . 

Webb's  Redoubt 

Sherman's  Redoubt 

Me^'^i!  Redoubt 

South  Redoubt                

4 

2 

2 

I 
4 

2 

■  * 

4 
5 
2 
5 

6 

Wyllys's  Redoubt 

Rorkv  Hill    No   A 

5 

2 

No.  I 

5 

No.  2 

Verplanck's  Point 

2 

3 
4 

1 

1  I  Il8 

3   1  14  1  .S   1   q  1  14  1  .S   1   2   1    1    Is 

6|  S 

1.I2 

1 

100 

' — 

J 

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N.B. — The  following  ordnance  not  distributed  : 

No.  6  iron  12  pounder. 

4  "  9       " 

1  •■  f) 

1  "  4 

2  "  3 

14 


J  brass  24  pounders. 

7      "      12 

I      "       8-inch  howitzer. 

1 1 


ving  description  of  the  works  at  West  Point  and  its  dependencies  is  in   he  handwriting  of  Arnold, 
arks  on  Works  at  West  Point,  a  copy  to  be  transmitted  to  his  Plxcellency  (General  Washington. 


The  follow! 
endorsed  "Remarks 

'  "Fort  Arnold  is  built  of  Dry  Fascines  and  Wood,  is  in  a  ruinous  condition,  incompteat,  and  subject  to  take 
Fire  from  Shells  or  Carcasses. 

"  Fort  Putnam,  Stone,  Wanting  great  repairs,  the  wall  on  the  Ea.st  side  broke  down,  and  rebuilding  From 
the  Foundation  ;  at  the  West  and  South  side  have  been  a  i.'lievaux-de-l'rise,  on  the  West  side  l)roke  in  many 
Places.  The  East  side  open  ;  two  Bomb  Proofs  and  Provision  Magazine  in  the  I'ort,  and  Slight  Wooden 
Barrack.— A  commanding  piece  of  ground  500  yards  West,  between  the  I'ort  and  No.  4  —  or  Rocky  Hill. 

"Fort  Webb,  built  of  Fa,scines  and  Wood,  a  slight  Work,  very  dry,  and  liable  to  be  .set  on  fire,  as  the 
approaches  are  very  easy,  without  defences,  save  a  slight  Abaltis. 

"  Fort  Wyllys,  built  of  stone  5  feet  high,  the  Work  above  plank  fdled  with  Earth,  the  stone  work  15  feet, 
the  Earth  9  feet  thick.— No  Bomb  Proofs,  the  Batteries  without  the  Fort. 

"Redoubt  No.  I.  On  the  South  side  wood  9  feet  thick,  the  Wt.  North  and  East  sides  4  feet  thick,  no 
cannon  in  the  works,  a  slight  and  single  Abattis,  no  ditch  or  Pickett.  Cannon  on  two  Batteries.  No  Bomb 
Proofs. 

"  Redoubt  No.  2.     The  same  as  No.  i.     No  Bomb  Proofs. 

"Redoubt  No.  3,  a  slight  Wood  Work  3  Feet  thick,  very  Dry,  no  lioinb  Proofs,  a  single  Abattis,  the  work 
easily  set  on  fire — no  cannon. 


i8 

"  Rccli>ul>t  N)  4,  «  WcmkUii  work  about  lo  feet  high  nnd  fore  or  five  feel  thick,  'he  West  side  faced  with  a 
rtoiie  w.ill  »  feet  liixii  ami  four  thick.     No  Ilonib  I'nKjf,  two  six  pounders,  a  slight  .  battis,  a  commanding  piece 

o  X^'lI'Ipi^^'I^.^^Jj',,  Redoubt,  on  the  Kast  side,  Imilt  of  stone  4  feet  higl'  ;  above  the  Stone,  woo<l  filled  in  with 
i'  irth  Very  Drv  no  Dildi,  a  llonib  Proof,  three  Batteries  without  the  1-"  irt,  a  |XJor  Abattis,  a  Rising  piece  of 
g'rouuc'l  500  yard's  So.,  the  approaches  Under  Cover  to  within  20  yards.— The  Work  easily  fired  with   Faggots 

'''  '   '"south  K(  doubt,  much  the  same  as  the  North,  a  Commanding  piece  of  ground  500  yards  due  East  — 3 
Batteries  without  the  l-'ort." 

This  was  in  Arnolds  handwriting  : 

Endorsed : 

Al  a  Council  0/  War  held  in  Camp,  liergni  County,  Stpl.  6,  1780. 

'•  Present  — the  Commamler  in  Chief.  The  Commander  in  Chief  slates  to  the  Council  that  since  he  had 
the  lioiior  of  laying  before  the  General  Officers,  at  Morrislowu,  the  6th  of  June  last,  a  general  view  of  our 
ciriumslancis,  several  importaiil  events  have  occurred  which  have  iiialirially  cliangeil  the  Jirospecls  of  the 
Campaign.  Tliat  Hie  success  expected  from  I'rance,  instead  of  coming  in  one  body  and  producing  a  Naval 
siiperiority  in  tliese  Seas,  has  been  divided  into  two  Divisions,  the  first  of  which  only  consisting  of  seven  ships  of 
tlie  line,  one  lortv-four  and  three  smaller  lYigates,  with  five  thousand  land  I'orccs,  lia<l  arrived  at  Rhode  Island. 
Thai  a  reinforceii'ieiil  of  six  ships  of  the  line  from  Knglaiid  having  reinforced  the  Enemy,  had  made  their  Naval 
1-drce  in  tlice  seas  aniount  lo  Nine  Sail  of  the  Line,  Two  I'ifties,  two  forty-fours  and  a  number  of  smaller 
I'rigates,  a  porce  completely  superior  to  that  of  our  Allies,  and  which  has  ill  consequence  held  them  blocked  up 
in  tlie  harbor  of  Rhode  Island  till  the  29th  ult.,  at  which  period  the  British  Kleet  disappeared,  and  uo  advice  of 
them  has  since  tueii  received. 

"Tlia'.  accounts  received  by  the  Alliame  Prigate,  which  left  PVaiice  in  July,  announce  the  Second 
Division  to  'e  confii:.i(l  in  Bt.^.'t  with  several  ot'ier  ships,  by  a  British  Pleet  of  thirty-two  siiil  of  the  Mu?,  and  a 
I'leet  of  i;ie  Allies,  of  Thir  y-six  or  Thirty-eight  Ships  of  the  line  ready  to  put  lo  sea  from  Cadiz  to  relieve  the 
Port  of  Brest. 

"Th.it  most  of  the  States  in  their  answers  to  the  requisitions  made  of  them,  give  the  strongest  assurances 
of  doing  e\ervthiiig  in  their  power  to  furnish  the  men  and  supplies  for  the  exjiccled  Co-operation  The  effect  of 
which,  however,  has  been  far  short  of  our  expectations,  for  not  much  above  one  third  of  the  I<;vies  deman<led 
for  the  Continental  Batallious  nor  alwve  the  s;inie  i)roi><>rtion  of  Militia  have  been  a.ssenibled.  .iiid  the  supplies 
have  been  so  iiiade(|uale  that  there  was  a  necessity  for  dismissing  all  the  Militia  whose  'inii-caiate  services  could 
l>e  dispeii.se.l  witli,  to  les.sen  our  consumption,  nolwitlistaiiding  which  the  Troops  now  in  the  Pield  are  severely 
suffering  for  want  of  Provision.  That  the  army  at  this  Post  and  in  the  vicinity,  in  operating  P"orce,  consi.sts  of 
10,400  Coutineiital  Troops  and  alKml  4(X)  Militia,  besides  which  is  a  Regiment  of  Continental  Troops  of  about 
5m)  at  RuimIc  Island,  left  there  for  the  as.sistance  of  our  Allies  against  any  attack  of  the  Enemy,  that  way,  and 
two  Connecticut  Slate  Regiments  amounting  lo  Sco  at  North  Castle. 

"Thai  the  Times  for  Service  for  which  the  L,evies  are  engaged  will  expire  the  first  of  January,  which  if 
not  replaced,  allowing  for  the  usual  Casualties,  will  reduce  the  Continental  Army  to  less  than  6o<«)  men. 

"That  since  llic  Stale  of  the  Council  above  referred  to,  the  p;nciny  have  brought  a  delachmcnt  of  about 
,V>o<i  men  from  Charles  Town  to  New  York,  which  makes  the  present  operating  Eorce  in  this  Quarter  between 
Ten  and  lUeveu  Thousand  men. 

"That  the  Ivnemies  I'orce  now  in  the  Southern  Stales  has  not  been  lately  ascertained  by  any  distinct 
accounts,  but  the  ("leiieral  .sui)])oses  it  cannot  be  less  than  7000  (of  which  about  2txxi  are  at  Savannah).  In  this 
estimate  the  Diminulion  by  the  Casualties  of  the  Climate  is  supposed  to  be  ecjual  to  the  increase  of  Porce  derived 
from  the  Dis;iffecled. 

"  Tlial  addeil  to  the  loss  of  Charles  Town  and  its  Garrison,  accounts  of  a  recent  misfortune  are  just  arrived 
from  Major  General  Gales,  giving  advice  of  a  general  action  which  happened  on  the  i6th  of  August  near 
Campden,  in  which  the  army  under  his  command  met  with  a  total  defeat,  and  in  all  probability  the  whole  of  the 
Couliuenlal  Troo]>s  and  a  considerable  body  of  the  Militia  would  be  cut  off.  The  State  of  Virginia  has  been 
some  lime  exerting  itself  to  raise  a  Body  of  3000  Troops  to  serve  till  the  end  of  December,  1781,  but  how  far  it 
has  succeeded  is  not  known. 

"That  Maryland  has  resolveil  to  raise  2000  men,  of  which  a  .sufTicieut  number  lo  compose  one  Battalion 
was  lo  have  come  to  this  army.  The  remainder  to  recruit  the  Maryland  line  —  but  in  consequence  of  the  late 
advices,  an  order  has  been  scut  to  march  the  whole  southward. 

"That  the  IJnemies  force  in  Canada,  Halifax,  St.  Augustine  and  at  PenoKscot  remains  much  the  same  as 
staled  in  the  preceding  Council. 

"  That  there  is  still  reason  lo  believe  the  Court  of  Prance  will  prosecute  its  Original  inleiilion  of  giving 
efTectual  Succor  lo  this  Country,  as  soon  as  circunislances  will  permit ;  and  it  is  hoped  the  Second  Division  will 
cerlaihly  arrive  in  the  course  of  the  fall. 

"  That  a  P'leet  greatly  superior  to  thai  of  the  Enemy  in  the  W'est  Indies,  and  a  formidable  land  Porce  had 
.sailed  some  time  since  from  Martinique  to  make  a  combined  attack  upon  the  Island  of  Jamaica  —  that  there  is  a 
possibility  of  a  re-iuforcement  from  this  (piarler  also,  to  the  P'leet  of  our  Ally  at  Rhode  Islan... 

"The  Commander  in  Chief  having  thus  given  the  Council  a  full  view  of  <mr  present  situation  and  future 
praspecls,  reqeesls  the  Opinion  of  each  member,  in  writing,  what  plan  it  will  be  advisable  to  ]iursue,  lo  what 
object '  )ur  At'ention  ought  to  be  directed  in  the  course  of  this  fall  and  winter,  taking  into  coii.sidcration  the 
alternative  of  1.  ng  a  Naval  superiority,  whether  any  offensive  operations  can  be  immediately  undertaken  and 
against  what  Point.  What  ought  to  l)e  our  immediate  preparations  and  disimsitions,  particularly  whether  we  can 
afford  or  ought  to  send  any  reinforcement  from  this  army  to  the  Southern  States,  and  to  what  aiiiount. 

"The  General  requests  to  be  favored  with  these  opinions  by  the  lotli  instant  at  the  furthest." 


c 

05 


to 


y. 

U 

/. 

C 


CHAPTER  II. 

King's  Ferry  to  Tarrytown — Danger. 


A^ 


I  linve  not  quailud  to  <Ianger's  brow 
When  high  and  liappy  —  nee<l  I  now? 

llVRON  —  Giaour,  line  1035. 

^vS  with  the  western,  so  the  eastern  end  of  King's  Ferry 
—  nothing  bnt  a  few  logs,  snbnierged  at  high  water, 
idcntifj'  it. 
Tiie  "  King's  F*erry  Road'  extends  for  a  mile  and  a  half 
almost  dnc  east.  There,  on  top  of  a  ridge  extending  north 
to  Pcckskill,  it  joins  the  >ld  Albany  Post  Road  a  little  north 
mt.i  iiKiTisii  HKciDii  NT.  ot  wlicrc  aHotlicr  road  leads  east,  down  the  ridge  to  tlie 
Montrose  station  of  the  New  York  Central.  Onr  travellers 
turned  north  at  the  junction  and  in  about  two  miles  and  a  half  reached  the  present 
Peekskill,  and  turned  east  on  the  Crompoiid  Road.  This  is  a  winding,  hilly  road, 
now  bordered  after  settled  Peekskill  is  past,  by  modern  residence  property  and 
well-kept  farms.  Diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  open  fields,  trim  dwellings  and 
spreading  trees,  it  affords  a  most  delightful  drive  to  tlie  lover  of  Nature.  In 
1780  the  region  must  have  been  rather  a  lonely  one,  with  here  and  there  a 
farmhouse  whence,  in  most  cases,  had  gone  a  son  or  brother  to  the  army 
or  militia.  At  about  four  miles  from  Peekskill,  and  eight  from  Verplanck's, 
occurred  Smith's  first  check,  and  the  one  which  ultimately  caused  his  companion's 
capture.  Here,  at  about  half-past  eight,''  the  party  met  a  sentry,  who  halted  them 
until  his  officer.  Captain  Ebenezer  Boyd,'  of  the  Third  Westchester  militia, 
appeared.  Smith  dismounted,  and  talked  some  time  with  him,  producing  Arnold's 
pass.  He  took  this  into  his  quarters^  to  read  by  lamplight,  and  was  satisfied  with 
it,  but  proved  uncomfortably  inquisitive  as  to  the  travellers'  business  and  their 
wish  to  proceed  that  night.     Smith   tried  to  meet  and  parry  his  questions,   but 


For  this  button  and  succeeding  similar  ones,  I  an  indebted  to  Mr.  \V.  L.  Calver,  of  New  York.     All  three 
regiments  —  the  26th,  7th  and  54th  were  Andre's. 
'  The  view  shows  it  at  about  midway  of  its  length. 

2  Sunset  was  at  seven  that  day,  so  it  must  have  been  deep  gloom  by  this  time. 

3  Ebenezer  Boyd   was  born  either   in  Scotland  or  near  liedford,   Westchester  County,  alrout  1735,  and  died  at 

lioyd's  Corners,  in  the  town  of  Kent.  Putnam  County,  June  29,  1792.     He  was  Captain  of  what  would  now 
be  called  the  second  or  "  n  "  company.     Coionel  Van  Cortland  had  been  promoted  to  Brigadier,  and  was 
succeeded  in  command  of  the  regiment  by  Lieut.  Colonel  Drake. 
<  The  house  long  since  disappeared,  and  was  replaced  by  a  barn,  which  is  ju.st  west  of  Stony  Street.     On  the 
map  it  is  marked  by  the  figure  3, 


2') 

iii.kIl'  a  false  stei)  hy  sayiii),'  tlicy  would  stop  ovcrniKht  further  on,  with  either 
Coloiicl  CilhcTt  Drake'  or  Major  Joseph  Strang,  'x'tli  of  Boyd's  regiment.  At  this 
Boyd  iinist  have  suspected  him,  for  he  told  him  Strang  was  absent,  and  Drake 
removed  to  another  town.  He  represented  the  danger  of  travelling  White  Plains- 
ward  by  night  as  so  great,  heeause  of  a  hand  of  "Cowboys"  known  to  be  within 
the  lines,  that  Smith's  fears  were  aroused"  (i)robably  also  by  Boyd's  evident 
suspicious  of  hiuii,  and  he  agreed  to  stop  at  a  house  nearby.  Andre,  to  whom  the 
marauders  were  far  more  likely  to  be  friends  than  foes,  and  who  was  depressed  by 
his  anomalous  and  dangerous  position,  disgui.scd  and  in  the  enemy's  country,  was 
naturally  an.xious  to  i)ush  ahead.  But  vSmith  carried  his  point,  and  they  went  back 
to  Andreas  Millei's  house,'  on  the  south  side  of  the  road,  about  one-third  of  a 
mile  east  of  Hog  Lane  (an  existing  road  now  bearing  the  more  euphonious  but 
absurd  name  of  "Lexington  Avenue")  and  just  over  the  boundary  line  in  the 
town  of  Yorktown  (Peekskill  is  in  the  town  of  Cortland).  Miller's  accommoda- 
tions for  travellers  were  decidedly  limited  —  apparently  to  one  bed,  which  Smith 
shared  with  Andre,  who  went  to  bed  in  his  toots,  not  even  removing  his  spurs, 
and  spent  the  time  in  restless  weariness,  disturbing  Smith's  slumbers.  The 
dwelling'  has  disappeared,  save  the  foundation  and  a  few  tir.ibers.  A  growth  of 
young  locust  trees  and  flowering  shrubs  surrounds  the  spot,  and  some  search  is 
required  to  fiiul  it. 

Before  dawn  —  Saturday,  the  twenty-third  —  the  trio  were  again  in  the 
saddle,  and  rode  to  a  point  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Presbyterian  church,"  at 
Crompond  Corner.  By  this  time  Andre  had  recovered  his  spirits,  as  though 
feeling  entirely  safe,  and  displaj'cd  to  the  full  those  accomplishments  of  mind  and 
manner  which  had  invariablj-  charmed  all  who  met  him,  and  which  had  their 
effect  on  Smith.  At  the  Corner,  in  the  angle  made  by  the  junction,  from  the 
north,  of  the  Somerstown  road,  stood  a  tavern  known  as  Strang's'  (or  Mead's). 
Near  it,  the  three  riders  were  suddenly  halted  by  a  picket-guard,  and  detained 

'  One  accoiiiil  has  IJeutcnaiit  Colonel  Delavan  instead  of  Drake. 

-  If  Sniitli  snspi'cUd  Amlro's  real  cliaracter,  he  knew  there  could  not  be  much  <lan);er  from  these  marauders ; 
lint,  on  the  other  hand,  his  Whij;  reputation  would  be  endangered  by  the  very  fact,  if  they  were  met,  and 
yet  snITered  nothiiif;  by  the  meeting,  lie  was,  in  shi>rt,  trying  to  "run  with  the  hare  and  hunt  with  the 
iionnds."  It  was  mure  prudent  to  allay  lioyd's  suspicions  by  .staying  over  night  —  but  the  delay  was  fatal 
to  .\ndre  the  next  day. 

•'  Marked  2  on  the  map.  Smith's  A'd/ru/m' is  clearly  misleading  here,  when  bespeaks  of  going  "back  some 
miles,  to  a  tavern  kept  by  one  McKoy."  At  his  trial.  Captain  Boyd  te.stified  that  Miller's  house  was 
"  close  by." 

*  In  the  case  of  this  house  lradili<in  has  especial  value,  as  there  is  but  one  life  between  1780  and  1898.  In  1784  the 
dwelling  was  sold  to  John  Strang,  .son  of  Major  Joseph,  and  a  new  one  took  its  place.  In  1795  this  was 
bought  by  .\braham  Re(|ua,  a  soldier  of  the  Westchester  militia,  of  much  active  service.  His  son  Edmund 
iidierited  it.  and  his  grandson  .\mos  C.  was  Ixjrii  in  it.  The  son  of  Edmund,  and  grandson  of  Abraham, 
Rev.  .Amos  C.  Ke(|ua,  lives  in  I'eekskill,  an<l  is  my  authority  for  identifying  the  house. 

f'  Marke<l .)  on  the  map.     The  edifice  itself  was  not  then  standing,  for  on  June  24,  1779,  Tarleton''^    nid  Simcoe's 
cavalry  came  u|i  from  White  Plains  by  way  of  Pine's  Bridge,  and  burnt  it.     The  parson. .j^e,   ten  days 
earlier,  had  met  the   same  fate,  at  the  hands  of  a  detachment  from  Verplanck's  Point,  under  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Robert  .-Miercromby,  of  the  37th  Regiment. 
The  two  incidents  well  illustrate  the  harassed  condition  of  the  Neutral  Ground  at  the  time. 

«  Marked  5  on  the  map.    On  a  map  made  by  Erskine,  the  patriot  geographer,  it  is  called  Mead's  Tavern. 


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21 

while  the  officer  in  command,  Captain  Ebenezer  Foote,'  of  tlie  Commissary 
Department,  was  notified.  Arnold's  pass  was  again  produced,  but  the  moniing 
was  yet  too  dark"  for  open-air  reading,  and  the  Captain  went  into  Strang's  — 
his  headquarters  —  and  read  it  by  lamp-liglit.  The  scene  outside  at  the 
moment  is  readily  imaginable  to  one  who  has  visited  the  spot,  and  is 
worthy  the  brush  of  a  historical  painter.  The  atmosphere  was  foggy, 
threatening  rain.  Nearb}-  objects  were  indistinct  and  distant  ones  invisible 
through  the  gloom.  In  the  foreground  the  watchful  guard,  the  .sentrj'  in  front 
of  the  tavern,  the  two  white  men,  one  muffled  in  a  light-blue  cloak  covered 
with  moisture,  sitting  his  horse  like  a  soldier,  the  other  in  civilian's  dress,  and 
intently  awaiting  the  opening  of  the  tavern  door  and  the  re-appearance  of 
the  officer.  In  the  middle  foreground,  a  small  frame  building,  and  inside,  seen 
through  the  small-paued  window,  a  grave-faced  young  officer  intently  scanning  the 
paper  —  since  grown  historic  and  carefully  preserved  at  Albanj'  —  which  allows 
"  Mr.  John  Anderson  "  to  "  pass  the  guards  to  the  White  Plains  and  below  if  he 
Chuses." 

Nothing  wrong  about  it,  thinks  the  Connecticut  Captain,  less  suspicious 
than  Boyd,  so  he  returns  it,  and,  like  Boyd,  misses  his  chance  of  historic  dis- 
tinction.''    Andre's  spirits  must  have  risen  again  with  this  second  escape,  and  the 

'  Ebenezer  Foote,  son  of  Daniel  ami  descendant  of  Nathaniel,  who  settled  in  Watertown,  Mass.,  in  1633,  was 
born  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  .April  12,  1756,  and  died  Deccniher  2K,  iSig,  in  Delhi,  .N.  V.  At  nineteen  we 
find  him  in  the  ranks  of  the  Minnie  Slen  at  Hnnker  Hill,  and  afterwards  as  a  sergeant  of  the  Second 
Connecticnt.  lie  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  snrrender  of  I'ort  Washinnlon.  With  several  companions  he 
escaped  from  the  Bridewell  in  New  York,  at  night,  in  the  month  of  December  following,  gained  what  were 
then  the  ojien  fields,  and  reached  the  Hnds(m  at  the  village  of  Greenwich,  eluding  all  the  British  sentinels. 
On  the  bank  they  found  no  means  of  esca|)e  bnt  an  unseaworthy  boat,  and  here  the  ]iarly  divided,  and  his 
companions,  going  further,  were  mo.st  or  all  recaptured.  He  determined  to  trust  himself  to  a  single  plank, 
rather  than  run  risk  of  capture.  .Vccordingly  he  proceeded  lo  swim  the  Hudson  by  means  of  the  plank, 
and  after  being  several  hours  in  the  icy  water,  ami  .safely  passing  an  anchored  British  man-of-war,  he  was 
floated  ashore  below  Hoboken.  At  first  unable  to  stand  after  his  terrible  experience,  he  eventually  reached 
H  house  where  he  was  succored.  Reaching  the  Americai-.  lines  we  find  him  in  tlie  army  at  the  ca])ture  of 
Trenton,  and  during  the  terrible  winter  at  Valley  I'orge.  This,  however,  adiled  lo  his  previ"us  experience, 
broke  down  his  constitution,  anil  soon  afterwards  he  sccnreil  a  transfer  to  the  Connnissa  y  De]'arlment, 
where  he  remained  until  the  end  of  the  war,  rising  to  the  rank  of  Major,  .\ftir  17S3  he  began  mercantile 
life  in  Newburgh,  and  then  went  into  I'olitics,  eventually  becoming  member  of  the  Legislature,  and 
holding  many  minor  offices  until  appointed  b'irst  ( Presiding)  Judge  of  I)elaware  County,  an  office  he  held 
for  many  years,  and  to  universal  Kitisfaclion. 
His  military  ability  was  inherited  by  his  son.  General  b'rederick  I'oote,  who  died  ])rematurely  as  a  result  of 
hardships  endured  on  the  frontier  during  the  war  of  1S12,  and  by  his  grandson.  Captain  and  Brevet-Major 
(really  acting  Colonel)  William  Uensselaer  l-'oote,  of  the  Sixth  V.  S.  Infantry,  who  was  killed  at  tlie 
battle  of  Gaines'  Mills,  in  I.S62. 
-  Sunrise  was  at  .si.v.  This  shows  bow  early  the  party  must  have  left  Miller's  —  apparently  willnml  breakfast. 
■^  Poote  told  Smith  —  who  di<l  all  the  talking  —  that  the  only  .\merican  forces  lielow  were  Sheldon's  dragoons, 
who  were  chiefly  at  Robbins'  Mills  (now  Kensico)  and  would  give  him  an  escort  to  White  Plains  if  he 
wanted  it.     A  few  days  later  this  note  was  wrilteu  : 

"Continental  Village, 

"2,Sof  Sept.  \yHti. 
' '  Captain  I-'oote, 

"  ,Sir. — Your  letter  to  the  General  was  delivered  me  on  the  road.     Yon  will  on  receipt  of  this  permit 
the  ofTicer  with  the  fiag  to  return,  delivering  him  the  enclosed  letter.     This  1  know  to  be  his  Kxcellenc 
intention,  and  he  yesterday  sent  orders  which  seem  not  to  have  reached  you. 

I  am.  Sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

A.  Hamilton, 

Aid  De  Camp. 
Captain  T'oote  has  endorsed  this  : 

"Ordering  the  return  of  the  flag  sent  out  from  New  York  ini  account  of  .Vrnold's  desertion." 
I  am  unable  to  decide  what  flag  of  truce  this  r.fers  to. 


22 

prcMjf  of  tlic  value  of  Arnold's  .iss.  Strang's  tavern  was  demolished  about  1825, 
but  the  hewn  frame  of  a  part  it  was  moved  from  the  original  site,  just  across 
the  road,  to  the  rear  of  t'  e  nise  now  occupied  by  Mr.  Anson  Lee.  With 
modern  siding,  its  e.xterior  is  cuUipletely  changed,  but  inside  the  bare,  hewn 
posts,  braces  and  cross-beams  attest  its  age.  It  is  now  used  as  a  kitchen,  but  the 
chairs,  brass  warming-pan  and  polished  powder-horn,'  all  older  than  the  Revolu- 
tion itself,  are  quite  in  keeping  with  its  history,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  is 
the  very  roon)  in  which  Footc  read  the  pass. 

l^p  a  long  hill  and  down  into  a  little  valley,  where  now  is  the  track  of  the 
New  York  and  Putnam  Railroad,  rode  our  party,  and,  at  a  point  not  identifiable, 
Andre  had  a  meeting  which  he  afterwards  said  "  made  his  hair  rise."  Colonel 
Samuel  B.  Webb,  of  the  Third  Connecticut,"  then  and  since  December  29,  1777,  a 
prisoner  to  the  British  in  New  York,  and  at  this  time  out  on  parole,  met  him. 
Coming  on  liim  in  this  sequestered  place  at  such  an  hour,  Webb  —  who  had  often 
met  him  in  New  York,  and  probably  not  long  before  —  stared  hard  at  him.  Andre 
knew  him  at  once,  and  gave  himself  up  for  lost.  But  Webb's  star  was  not  in  the 
ascendant  that  morning,  any  more  than  had  been  Boyd's  or  Foote's,  and  he  failed 
to  recognize  liis  acquaintance,'  and  once  more  fate  spared  him.  As  the  riders 
went  past  the  house  of  Major  Strang  (where  Smith,  the  night  before,  had  proposed 
to  stop)  they  were  observed  by  the  inn.ates,  who  thought  them  Continental 
officers.''  Daj-light  appeared  as  they  followed  the  road  south  and  east  about  three 
miles  and  a  half,  to  where,  just  before  it  forks  on  Cat  Hill,  a  small  two-story  frame 
house'*  stands,  close  to  the  road,  on  the  west  side. 

Modernized  by  a  narrow  "  lean-to  "  in  the  rear,  an  addition  on  the  western 
end  and  ordinary  siding  all  round,  it  does  not  seem  old ;  but  it  actually  dates  from 

1  The  horn  is  inscribed:  "  Relong'd  to  Daniel  See  —  Seth  Allen  his  Horn,    1775."     Sec  is  still  a  well-known 

family  in  upper  Westchester  County. 

2  Samuel  Blachley  Webb  was  born  in  Wethersficld,  Conn.,  December  13,  1753,  and  died  at  Claverack,  N.  Y., 

December  3,  iSoi. 

He  was  wouuiKil  at  Tiunker  Hill,  w.as  aid  to  General  Putnam,  and  in  1776  was  appointed  aid  to  Washington, 
with  the  rank  of  I.icutenaut-colonel.  He  was  again  wounded  at  White  Plains,  and  at  Trenton  ;  was  at  the 
battles  of  Long  Island  and  Princeton,  and  raised  and  organized  the  Third  Connecticut  almost  at  his  own 
expense.  It  was  first  .styled  the  Additional  Continentals,  then  the  9th  and  finally  the  3d.  Webb  was 
no;  exchanged  until  January,  1781. 

He  and  Colonel  Joseph  Keed  it  was  who  refused  to  receive  Howe's  letter  to  Washington,  fcecause  of  its  address 
to  "  George  Washington,  Ivsiiuire."  His  regiment  acquired  the  sobriepiet  of  the  Decoy  Regiment,  owing  lo 
its  Ix'ing  uniforme<l  in  reii  —  the  uniforms,  in  fact,  captured  aboard  a  British  vessel,  and  slightly  changed 
to  adiipt  them  to  patriot  use.  To  this  circumstance  was  due  the  capture  (October  10,  1777,)  of  the  British 
spy,  I^aniel  Taylor,  who  mi.stook  them  for  the  royal  forces,  found  himself  in  the  presence  of  General  James 
Clinton  instead  of  Sir  Henry,  and  w.as  hanged  at  Hurley,  Ulster  County,  N.  V.,  October  14th.  On  his 
expedition  to  Long  Island,  in  December,  1777,  Webb  was  captured. 

Soon  after  bis  return  to  active  service  he  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General. 

When  Washington  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President,  in  1789,  Webb  hehl  the  Bible  on  which  it  was 
administered.  His  .son,  Henry  I,.,  was  Colonel  of  the  iHth  V.  S.  Infantry,  during  the  Mexican  War,  and 
General  .-Mexander  S.  Webb,  president  of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  is  his  grandson. 

■''  It  is  a  coincidence  that  on  February  12,  177R,  Webb's  brother  Joseph  wrote  him  from  New  Haven;  "Should 
you  meet  Cajitain  Andr(?,  acknowledge  from  me  his  politeness  to  Major  Huntington,  and  I  think  you  will 
find  him  nuirb  the  gentleman." 

♦  Dykman.     The  house  is  marked  6  on  the  map. 

'  Marked  7  on  the  map. 


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23 

about  1700.  For  more  than  a  century,  and  up  to  1895,  it  was  owned  and  occupied 
by  those  by  whose  name  it  is  still  known  —  the  Uuderhills.  In  1780  its  owner  was 
Isaac,  whose  widow,  Sarah,  survived  until  1.S12.  Tradition  —  practically  history, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Miller-Requa  house  —  says  that  a  band  of  Cowboys  — 
(probably  those  Captain  Boyd  had  referred  to)  —  had  driven  off  all  but  one  of  her 
cows  the  previous  night.  The  present  highway  wall  did  not  then  exist,  so  our 
travellers  rode  up  to  the  backdoor  —  now  hidden  by  the  "lean-to"  —  where  both 
alighted  and  asked  for  breakfast.  All  Mrs.  Underliill  could  give  them,  under  the 
circumstance  of  her  loss,  was  the  humble  dish  of  "  suppawn '"  (mush  and  milk), 
''••ated  on  the  step  of  the  back  door,-'  the  talented  young  Adjutant  ate  his  last 
r  al  as  a  free  man.  At  this  stage  of  the  journey.  Smith  and  he  parted  —  to  his 
.^jjcedy  ruin.  Nothing  has  ever  been  disclosed  as  to  why  this  was  done.  White 
Plains  was  still  fifteen  miles  distant ;  Andre  knew  nothing  of  the  region  between, 
while  Smith  knew  it  well.  He  had  agreed  to  take  liis  companion  there,  but  made 
no  further  effort  to  that  end.'  The  other  could  not  force  him  to  do  it,'  and 
possibly  did  not  greatly  desire  his  further  company,  feeling  tolerably  confident,  as 
Smith  told  him  he  was  now  beyond  the  American  outposts.**  So,  paying  Mrs. 
Undcrhill,  dividing  with  Andre  his  Continental  money,  and  giving  him  a  message" 
to  his  brother  William,  the  Tory  Chief-Justice  at  New  York,  whom  Andre  knew, 
he  and  his  servant  returned  to  Crompond  and  thence  northwest  to  Arnold's 
quarters  at  the  Robinson  House,  just  below  West  Point  on  the  east  shore,  and 
told  his  story  to  the  expectant  traitor,  with  whom  he  says  he  dined.^  Unless 
Arnold  was  concerned  about  Andre's  being  abandoned  short  of  White  Plains,  he 
must  have  felt  assured  of  the  success  of  his  plot.  Smith  went  on  to  Fishkill  to 
rejoin  his  family.  His  Whig  connections  have  a  fresh  proof  here.  Colonel  Ann 
Hawkes  Hay,  of  the  Haverstraw  militia,  was  married  to  Smith's  sister,  Martha, 
and  lived  at  Fishkill  at  this  time.     It  was  to  his  house  that  Mrs.  Smith  and  the 

I  A  curious  coincidence  is  that  of  .\nilr^'s  contemptuous  reference  to  this  homely  dish,  in  the  Core  Cliacf.  See 
Appendix. 

•-'  The  view  of  this  was  made  under  difficulties,  it  heinj;  necessary  to  place  the  camera  outsiile  the  back  window. 
The  house  is  in  good  cumlition,  and  may  last  another  century.  If  the  owner,  Mr.  (leorge  Gregory,  carries 
out  his  expressed  intention  of  removing  the  "  lean-to,"  the  back  will  appear  in  its  original  condition, 
showing  the  "Andrd  door,"  In  the  side  view  Miss  Gregory  is  sho\vn  standing  just  where  the  "  lean-to  " 
joins  the  original  building. 

:i  The  hor.se  and  ecjuipnients  Andr^  promised  should  be  returned  or  paiil  for. 

*  A  singular  fact  is  that  Andre,  although  knowing  he  was  entering  the  enemy's  country  when  leaving  the 
Vulture,  was  unarmed. 

^  Had  .Smith  forgotten  Koote's  statement  that  Sheldon's  force  was  at  Robbins'  Mills? 

«  One  of  his  captors  subse<juently  state<l  that  when  first  seen  by  them  he  was  intently  studying  a  piece  of  paper 
containing  a  rough  map  of  the  region  south  of  Pine's  Bridge.  An  olnious  inference  would  bo  that  Arnold 
or  ,  niith  made  it  for  Inni.  No  trace  of  it  exists.  It  may  have  been  lost  when  his  l)oots  were  taken  off  at 
Tarrytown. 

''  He  was  no  strauj^er  to  the  house,  but  Colonel  Richard  Varick,  Arnold's  senior  Aiil,  thoroughly  disliked  and 
distrusted  hmi,  and  not  lonp  before  had  tried  to  pick  a  quarrel  with  him  at  dinner,  until  Mrs.  Arnold 
became  annoyed  and  asked  Inni  to  desist.  Varick  was  so  unsuspicious  of  the  real  relations  existing  between 
Smith  ami  his  chief  that  he  warned  Arnold  against  him.  I.,eake  siiys  Smith  and  Lamb  were  invited  guests 
at  dinner  on  the  eighteenth  of  September.  This  may  have  been  the  date  of  the  quarrel  between  Varick 
and  Smith,  but  Leake  does  not  mention  it. 


24 

eliiklrcii  li;ul  been  sent,  to  have  them  out  of  the  way  while  Arnold's  n]3'Sterions 
visitor  should  be  at  "  Belmont,"  and  Smith  now  proposed  to  take  them  back  with 
him.  On  Monday,'  the  twenty-fifth,  he  rode  to  Ponghkee])sie  on  business,  and 
rettuiied  in  time  to  be  jjrcsent  at  the  dinner  given  b}'  General  John  Morin  Scott 
in  honor  of  Washington.  He  is  said  to  have  had  a  seat  at  the  same  table  with 
the  Chief.- 

We  will  now  return  to  Yorktown.  Andre  continued  on  the  road  which 
jiasscs  Underhill's  to  Pine's  Bridge,  which  then  spanned  the  Croton  river  about 
half  a  mile  further  up  stream  than  the  present  structure.'  Crossing  it,  he  turned 
to  the  right  and  followed  the  iiighway  down  the  south  bank  about  a  mile,  to  Hog 
Hill.  Then  turning  to  the  left  he  ascended  the  hill  to  Underhill's  Corners,  where 
Henry  C.  .Allen  now  lives,  about  three  miles  from  the  bridge.'  Here  the  road 
extends  nearly  north  and  south,  and  at  its  intersection  with  the  Chappaqua  road, 
becomes  Kip])  Street.  In  the  angle  between  the  two  on  the  east  side  of  Kipj) 
Street,  is  the  dwelling  of  Mr.  Allen.  In  1780  the  house''  then  existing  was 
occupied  by  Stc\enson  Thorne,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  The  fugitive 
reached  the  spul  alxuit  ten  o'clock,"  when  the  fog  had  changed  to  a  iine,  drizzling 
rain.  In  doubt  as  to  whether  he  ought  to  keep  on  the  road,  or  take  that  to 
Chappaqua,  soutlieast,  he  checked  his  horse,  and  seeing  Jesse  Thorne,  a  twelve- 
year  old  boy  who  was  standing  on  the  wood-pile  near  the  front  of  the  house,  asked 
his  way  to  Tarrytown."  Jesse  jumped  from  the  wood-pile  and  went  to  th°  house- 
door  to  call  his  father,  who  came  out.  A  brief  colloquy  ensued  between  them  the 
way  to  'larrytown  was  pointed  out,  the  stranger  touched  his  horse  with  the 
si)ur''  and  galloped  away  southwards  on  Kipp  Street." 

Jesse,  with  the  curiosity  of  a  country  boy,  watched  him  whilst  he  spoke 
with  his  father,  and  many  ycais  afterwards  described  him  accurately,  as  "  very 
genteel  in  his  manners  and  intelligent,  wearing  a  wide-brimmed  hat,  n.'''"tary  cape 
overcoat,  high  boots  with  spurs,  and  riding  a  brown  horse  branded  U.S.A.  on  the 
shoulder,  and  having  one  white  forefoot  and  a  white  star  on  his  fc     head." 

Andre  pursued  his  journey  down  Kipp  Street  to  the  Hardscrabble  road. 
So  far,  no  obstacle  had  arisen,  and  the  way  to  safety  seemed  open,  if  he  could 
but  follow  Smith's  directions  for  reaching  either  White  Plains  or  Dobbs'  Ferry. 

'  Smith's  A'lina/hv. 

a.\noUiLT  aiulmrity  says  he  called  on  Washington  that  day,  at  the  h-ase  of  Dr.  McKnight  where  the  Chief  was 
.jnarlerc,  ,iml  wIkmc  the  d.nner  was  prohahly  K'iven,  If  Smith  is  to  be  believed,  he  and  Colonel  Play 
.lined  with  (.eneral  Knox  that  day  at  '•  Dr.  McKnighfs,  where  General  Scot,  also  liv'd  "  ^      '  *='  ""> 

Alter  snppcr,  he  says,  Washington  came  out  and  stayed  a  few  moments  with  the  n. 

3  The  old  abutimiils  were  visible  nntil  the  recent  raising  of  Croton  Dam  increase<l  tho  dei^Vn  of  water 

■•  Dykmaii. 

'•  Marked  8  on  the  map. 

«  Jesse  Thorne  to  his  grandson,  Rev.  C.  C.  Thorne,  of  Windham,  N.  Y.,  who  is  my  informant 

'  "^''"'urulsh  liner   ''"'''''       "'"'  '  '  '"''''"  ""   '^'"'W""!"''   '■°'"'   '"^  """'J  «l°'°st   certainly   have  reached  the 

►  This  spur,  of  silver,  was  in  .'S.Sj  preserved  in  Washington's  Headquarters  at  Newbnrgli. 

"The  road  shown  in  the  centre,  ascending  liie  .,111. 


y. 


X      ■  -7. 


25 

At  the  house'  in  Pleasantville  then  occupied  by  Sylvanus  Brundagc,  and  now  by 
his  grandson,  William  H.  Brundage,  on  this  road,  he  stopped  to  water  his  horse 
at  the  spring  opposite  the  house.  Brundage,  himself  a  soldier,  of  the  Second — or 
Middle  —  regiment  of  Westchester  militia  (Colonel  Thomas)  was  then  at  home.' 
Some  words  were  exchanged  between  them,  and  the  traveller  went  on.  Con- 
tinuing on  he  reached  the  old  Bedford  road,  and  passed  down  it  to  Rossell's  —  now 
Mekeel's  —  Corners.'  Here  he  turned  to  the  left.  At  a  point  about  a  mile 
further,  the  road  descends  to  the  little  valley  vhere  the  Nepperhan'  river,  here  a 
mere  brook,  is  crossed,  and  feeds  the  pond  for  the  sawmill  still  existing  and  known 
as  Hammond's.  To  his  left,  on  a  slight  eminence,  stood  the  dwelling  of  Staats 
Hammond,''  the  miller.  Here,  for  the  second  time  that  morning,  the  fugilivc 
unwittingly  met  a  patriot  soldier.  Hammond  was  a  sergeant  in  the  iMrst  West- 
chester, and  had  been  wounded  through  the  left  leg  in  an  encounter  near  Sing 
Sing,  June  17,  1779."  The  unhealed  wound  still  disabled  him  and  lie  was  lying 
on  the  floor  in  his  house." 

It  was  a  beautiful  September  day  when  I  visited  the  scene.  Hammond's 
house  disappeared  long  ago,  but  that  lately  occupied  by  Floyd  Powell  stands  on 
the  same  site. 

Riding  quite  close  to  the  well,  where  stood  David  and  Sally  Hammond, 
fourteen  and  twelve  years  old,  the  stranger  asked  for  a  drink.  Sally  filled  a  cup 
or  bowl  and  handed  it  to  him,  while  David  held  the  horse  and  noticed  the  hand- 
some double-snaffle  bridle,  and  the  mane  full  of  burrs.  Andre  remarked  on  the 
excellence  of  the  water,"*  gave  Sally  a  sixpence,  which  was  treasured  for  many 
j'cars  afterwards,  and  then  asked  David"  about  the  distance  to  Tarrytown  and  the 
likelihood  of  meeting  a  Whig  force  at  Young's  tavern,  about  a  mile  further  on. 
The  boy  told  him  there  was  a  party  of  scouts  there.  Alarmed  at  this,  he  turned 
his  horse  and  retraced  his  journey  as  far  as  Mekeel's  Corners.  Here  he  continued 
over  the  old  Bedford  road,  on  to  Tarrytown  Heights  to  the  old  Albany  Post  road, 
which  he  followed  to  Tarrytown. 

Here  Fate  awaited  him,  and  the  consequences  of  the  night's  delay  at 
Miller's  house,  and  his  fear  of  the  party  at  Young's  tavern  were  to  deliver  him 
into  the  hands  of  his  enemies.     Had  he  gone  on,  towards  Dobbs'   Ferry,  jjasl 


'  il.irkccl  9  oil  tlie  map. 

-  The  term  of  service  of  many  of  Uie  iiiililia  had  expired  the  previous  June. 
:i  Marked  lo  on  the  map.     John  Mekeel  was  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  Third  Westchester  militia. 
*  Spelled  also  Xepperan,  but  generally  known  by  the  harliaric  name  of  Sawmill. 
"  Marked  1 1  on  the  map. 

"  Mowe  was  there  in  July  —  po.ssil)ly  "June  "  should  be  July. 

'!  Thronjih  the  window  he  had  a  glim|)se  of  the  rider,  and  afterwards  expressed  distrust  of  him  on  account  of  his 
bein.!,'  muflied  to  the  chin  in  his  cloak.— />!;?■/(/  Hiiiimioiul  hi  ii<^y. 

*■  The  "  Andr  ■•  well"  still  furnishes  excellent  water.     In  the  illustration   it  is   not  shown,  but  is  directly  on  a  line 

with  the  left  end  of  the  house. 
»  Mrs.  Ilaniniond,  according  to  Campbell 

UaviJ  lived  until  1.S53,  and  to  the  end  clearly  recalled  the  scene. 


26 

Vdiniir's  tavern,  wliich  was  doubtless  tlie  route  Arnold  laid  out  for  liiui,  or  had  he 
been  hut  an  liour  aud  a  half  earlier,  all  would  have  been  well  with  him,  for  the 
road  was  then  free.  At  this  ])oint  I  would  digress  a  niouient,  to  consider  the  state 
of  that  part  of  Westchester  County  —  its  greater  part  —  then  known  as  the  Neutral 
Oround,  from  not  being  permanently  occupied  by  either  army.  Strictly  speaking, 
the  Neutral  Ground  was  all  below  the  Croton  river,  l)ut  the  frequent  British 
forays  beyimd  that  line  rendered  its  actual  extent  indefinite.  Dr.  James  Thacher,' 
surgeon  of  the  vSixteeutli  Massachusetts,  whose  Military  Journal  is  so  full  of 
valuable  details  of  the  period,  was  present  with  his  regiment  during  November, 
1 7.S0,  when  a  large  detachment  of  Washington's  army,  under  Stark,  crossed  the 
Hudson  and  moved  down  through  the  county  as  far  as  West  Farms,  on!}-  eight 
miles  from  King's  Bridge,  and  endeavored  to  draw  the  British  into  a  general 
engagement.'     He  thus  graphicallj'  describes  the  region  and  inhabitants  : 

"  Tlie  iiiiserahlc  inh.ihitants  arc  not  iinicli  favored  with  I'x'  iirivilegcs  which  their 
neutrality  ouKlit  to  secure  to  them.  Tliey  are  conliiuially  e-xjx>se(l  to  the  ravaj^es  and 
insults  of  infamous  banditti,  composed  of  royal  refugees  and  Tories.  The  countr>- is  rich 
and  fertile,  hut  now  has  the  marks  of  a  country  in  ruins.  The  few  farmers  who  remain 
find  it  ini|)ossil)le  to  harvest  the  [iroduce.  The  meadows  and  pastures  are  covered  with 
grass  (if  a  sunnner's  growth,  and  thousands  of  bushels  of  apples  and  other  fruit  are  rotting 
in  the  orchards.  Some  on  either  side  have  taken  up  arms,  and  become  the  most  cruel  and 
deadl)'  foes.  There  are  within  the  Hrilish  lines,  banditti  of  lawless  villains  who  dexote 
ihenisches  to  the  most  cruel  jjillage  and  rol>bery  among  the  defenceless  inhabitants 
lielwein  the  lines;  many  of  whom  lhe\-  carr\' off  to  New  York  after  plundering  their 
houses  and  farms.  These  shai  Tl  '  marauders  have  received  the  names  of  Cowboys  and 
Skinners.      \\\  their  atrocious  deeds  they  have  become  a  scourge  and  terror  to  the  i»o]ile." 

Rev.   Timothy   Dwight,   of   New    H^'cn,    who   was    Chaplain    to   General 

Silliuiau's  Connecticut  Brigade  —  the  P'irst  —  in   1778-9,  and  afterwards  President 

of  Yale  College,  has  left  a  still   more  distressing  description  of  the  same  region  : 

"  These  unhappy  people  were  expo.sed  to  the  depredations  of  lx)th  armies.     Often 

ihey  were  actualh-  plundered,  and   always   were  liable   to   this   calamity.     They    feared 

tverybody  whom  they  saw,  and  loved  nol)ody.     Fear  was  apparently  the  only  pas.sion  by 

which  they  were  animated.     The  power  of  volition  .seemed  to  have  deserted  them.     They 

yielded,  with  a  kind  of  a])athy,  what  you  a.sked  and  what  they  supjxj.sed  it  imix).s,sible  for 

them  to  retain.     Their  houses  were  in  a  great  measure  scenes  of  desolation,  and  their 

furniture  was  extensively  plundered  or  broken  to  pieces.     The  walls,  floors  and  windows 

were  injured  Ixith  by  violence  and  decay,  and  were  not  repaired,  lx;cause  ihey  had  not 

the  means  and  because  they  were  ex]x)sed  to  the  repetition  of  the  same  injuries.     Their 

cattle  were  gone,  their  enclosures  were  burnt  where  they  were  capable  of   l^econiing  fuel, 

and  thrown  down  where  they  were  not.     Their  fields  were  covered  with  a  rank  growth  of 

I  James  Thacher  was  born  in  Hanistable.  Mass.,  IVbruary  .4,  r754,  and  died  in  I'lynioulh.  May  24,  \M\- 

11l'  >  iitertil  llic  army  in  1775,  anil  servc-d  throiij^liout  \\\v  war,  successively  as  surgeon  of  Uie  i'"irst  Virginia  uikI 
the  Sixteenth  Massiichusetls.  He  was  prominent  professionally  and  socially  tlirou^houl  his  life  after  the 
end  of  llie  war,  and  exerted  a  ma-ked  indnence  for  good  on  the  conimunity  in  which  he  dwelt. 

■-'  I'nder  pretext  of  a  foraging  espedilion,  this  force  was  intended  by  the  Connnander  in  Chief  to  co-opirale  with 
the  uniin  army  in  an  attack  against  the  Kneniy's  post  on  (New)  York  Island.  Hy  some  cause,  known  only 
to  the  Chief,  this  enterprise  was  unfortunately  defeated.-  -  Tliaclicr. 


moir^m 

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^"■s.  '"•■*  #'■  H^*  ^*" 

H»r^         ^WS 

^,'mV'^~    V    ^R^RH^^  ^^^^^F^^Mnl^^'        ^^B 

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27 

weeds  and  wild  grass.     Their  world  was  motionless  and  silent,  except  when  one  of  these 
unhappy  people  went  upon  a  rare  and  lonely  excursion  to  the  house  of  a  neighiwr  no  less 
unhappy,  or  a  scouting  party  alarmed  the  inhal)itants  with  exjiectations  of  new  injuries 
and  sufferings.     The  very  tracks  of  the  carriage  roads  were  obliterated   by  disuse,  and 
when  discernable  resembled  the  faint  impressions  of  chariot  wheels  siiid  to  Ije  left  on  the 
pavements  of  Herculaneum.     The  grass  was  of  full  height  for  the  .scythe,  and  strongly 
realized  to  my  own  mind,  for  the  first  time,  the  proper  imiwrt  of  that  picturesque  allusion 
in  the  Song  of  Deborah  :  '  In  the  days  of  Shamgar,  the  son  of  Anath,  in  the  days  of  Jael, 
the  highways  were  unoccupied,  and  the  travellers  walked  through  by-ways.     The  inhab- 
itants of  the  villages  cea.sed,  they  ceased  in  Israel.'  "      (Judges  V.,  6,  7.) 
It  wa.s  through   this  very  region,  and  among  a  people  thus   harried  and  ruined 
tlial  Clinton's   Adjutant-General   was  now  making  his  way  —  and  it  was  to  the 
recent    l)rulalities   of   a    party   of   Cowboys    that   he   was    indirectly   to    owe    his 
capture,  within  an  hour  of  the  time  he  left  Hammond's  house. 

At  about  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  previous  day  —  Friday,  the 
twenty-second — John  Dean,  John  Paulding,  James  Romer,  Isaac  vSee,  Isaac  Van 
Wart,  Abraham  Williams  and  John  Yerks,'  all  young  men,'  left  Salem  on  a 
"scout"  or  errand  of  more  or  less  independent  and  irregular  warfare,  having  for  its 
object  the  capture  of  any  Cowboys  or  others  who  might  drive  cattle  towards  New 
York.  As  they  passed  the  house  of  Joseph  Benedict,  where  David  Williams  was  at 
work,  he  recognized  them,  asked  their  errand  and  volunteered  to  join  them.  His 
personal  aim  was  to  revenge  the  death  of  a  neighbor  named  Pelhain,  killed  by  Cow- 
boys the  day  before,  and  his  property  stolen.  All  of  Yerks'  party  were  militiamen,' 
and  had  secured,  through  Paulding,  leave  of  absence  from  their  officers  to  take  part 
in  the  scout.  Sleeping  that  night  in  John  Andrews'  hay  barn  at  Plea.santville,' 
they  reached  Tarrytown  Saturday  morning,  at  about  half-past  seven,  and  went  to 
the  house  of  Jacob  Romer,  father  of  James,  which  has  now  disappeared.  It  stood 
close  to  the  present  reservoir,  near  the  Tanytown  station  of  the  New  York  and 
Putnam  road.  Here  they  had  breakfast,  and  Mrs.  Romer  put  up  dinner  for  them 
in  a  basket."    They  went  next  to  Isaac  Reed's  house,  borrowed  a  pack  of  playing 

1  Yerks  oiigiiuilcd  the  scout,  having  propo.sed  it  to  Paulding. 

-  r>avid  Williani.-i,  tlie  oldest,  wa.s  not  quite  twenty-three.  Van  Wart  and  Taulding  werecousin.s  ;  al.so,  apparently, 
Uomer  and  ranlding.  Verk.s  was  a  cousin  of  Dean's  on  his  mother's  side. 
To  Willi.mis,  nmre  than  anyone  else,  history  is  indebted  for  many  minute  details  about  the  capture  and  the 
ovcnl.s  imuuiliately  preceding  it.  Ife  only  it  is  th.it  has  given  the  particulars  about  the  party  of  Cowboys 
(if  which  Hoyd,  I'oote  and  —  later  —  Jameson  and  Washington  himself,  were  apprehensive.  He  savs  the 
1  land  had  raided  Poundridge  (the  easternmost  town  in  the  ro\inly,  lying  next  to  Coutiecticut)  the  night 
before  his  ])arty  started  (Thursday  the  twenty-first)  and  that  they  were  lc<l  by  a  noted  Tory  named  Smith. 
Tory  Smiths  were  numerous,  and  three  were  noted  bandits  — Claudius,  of  Orange  Countv,  the  greatest 
villain  of  the  three,  had  been  hanged  in  1778,  and  a  second's  head  was  cut  off,  in  Schoh.irie  County,  by 
infuriated  Whigs  in  1779,  so  the  son  of  Claudius,  Richard,  is  the  one  probably  meant,  While  they  were 
cm  Pelham's  farm,  driving  off  his  live-stock,  the  unfortunate  owner  had  run  out  in  his  nightshirt  to  save 
his  horse,  when  the  rufTians  killed  him. 
What  a  graphic  picture  of  a  midnight  foray  on  a  defenceless  homestead  in  the  Neutral  Ground  this  brief 
statement  gives ! 

^  Tlie  First  Westchester. 

I  Paulding  says  Pleasantville ;   Williatns,   Salem.     It  was  a  few  yards   from  the  present   Methodist   church  at 
Pleasantville. 

"  The  pewter  basin  accompanying  it  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Colonel  J.  C.  L.  Hamilton,  of  Elmsford,  N.  Y. 


28 

cards,  and  then  proceeded  to  tlie  spot  wliorc  the  l)usincss  of  the  day  mitjlit  he 
looked  for  — the  two  roads  leadinj.::  to  New  York.  Here  they  separated  into  two 
squads.  Pauhlinj,%  David  Williams  and  \'an  Wart  were  posted  on  what  was 
known  as  the  old  Post  Road,  near  where  stood  an  enonnons  white-wood  or  tulip 
tree,'  just  south  of  the  little  stream  thcu  known  ;>s  Clark's  Kill,  but  ever  since  as 
.\ndre  Brook,  Just  opposite  was  afterwards  built  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church. 
(The  old  Bedford  road  at  that  time  came  into  the  Post  road  at  that  point.)  The 
other  five  were  to  watch  the  old  Bedford  road  on  Davis'  H'll.-  The  two  were 
not  far  apart,  atul  it  was  agreed  that  either  party  needing  aid  should  fire  a  gun, 
and  that  any  plnndcr  taken  should  be  shared  equally  b}'  all.  While  they  are 
waiting,  we  may  consider  the  epithets  of  "marauders,"  "banditti,"  etc.,  after- 
wards applied  to  them,  and  tlie  irregularity  which  .some  have  insisted  attended 
llieir  action  and  nullified  their  ])atriotism.  Certaiuly  they  were  not  an  organized 
body,  detached  by  superior  authority  for  a  definite  military  expedition.  But  all 
were  militia  accustomed  to  active  service  —  Dean,  David  W^illiams  and  Paulding 
])articularly  so.  Paulding  had  been  twice  a  prisoner  in  British  hand.s''  in  New 
York.  The  party  was  actually  under  the  direction  of  one  of  their  number  who 
was  a  veteran,  not  only  of  militia  service,  but  of  the  Canada  expedition  of  1775. 
There  he  had  endured  great  hardships,  and  left  behind  him  an  elder  soldier- 
brother,  entombed  in  the  tremendous  snowdrifts  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  He 
alone  of  the  party  was  not  a  private,  being  at  the  time  a  sergeant  in  the  First 
Westchester,  and   was  later  promoted   and  commissioned   as   ensign.     I   refer   to 

John  Dean,^  to  whose  methodical  disposition   of  the  party 

^  J  ^     (T)c^i/n         ^*^^  success  was  probably  largely  due,  yet  whose  modesty 

^y  ''  ])  •evented  his  receiving  a  just  .share  of  the  praise  bestowed 

on  the  three  kuown  to  history.''  To  return  to  our  story- — 
they,  whom  l'\)rtuue  was  to  favor  that  day,  had  the  pack  of  cards,  and  drew  lots  to 
see  who  should  watch  while  the  others  played.  Van  Wart  lost,  and  took  his  place 
by  the  roadside,"  at  about  eight  o'clock.  None  but  persons  whom  he  knew  passed 
until  about  half-past  nine,  when  the  sound  of  horse  hoofs  was  heard  on  the  bridge 

'  Liiiminidivii.  U  was  112  feel  hinh,  and  stood,  a  noted  landmark,  until  July  31,  iSol,  when  destroyed  liy 
liRlitninu.  .\  coincidince  was  that  on  the  same  day  the  news  readied  Tarrylown  of  Arnold's  death  in 
London.     The  si'ot  is  marked  12  on  the  map. 

-  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  on  Tarrytown  Heights  Andre  rode  past  tlio.se  who  were  watchiiiR  the  Ueilford  road 
from  I>avis'  Mill,  without  heinj;  .seen  by  them. — Jiitli^i'  J.  O.  /)yi'iiuvi.  in  a  note  to  the  author. 

■I  lie  says  the  first  time  he  was  confined  in  the  Su)i;ar  House,  and  the  second  in  the  North  Dutch  Church. 

'  That  he  was  reco^jiiized  as  the  leader  appears  from  Jameson's  question.     See/*(«/'. 

'■  John  Dean  was  horn  Seplemlier  15,  1755,  and  died  in  Tarrytown  April  .|,  1817.  Aher  his  service  in  Canada, 
as  noticed,  he  was  in  the  militia  almost  constantly  until  the  end  of  the  Revolution.  Ill  most  of  the 
eucounteis  between  the  patriots  and  their  enemies,  whether  British  re>;iilars.  their  Tory  allies,  or  the 
Cowboys,  he  bore  a  promiueut  jiart,  and  his  death  was  directly  due  to  an  injury  received  in  a  skirmish  at 
Kiuj;'s  nridge  in  17.S1. 
llis  entire  life  after  the  close  of  hostilities  was  sp"!!!!  in  Tarrytown,  where  his  descendants  .still  reside,  and 
where  his  name  ap))ears  amongst  those  of  his  companions  in  arms  of  the  Neutral  Ground,  on  the  inoiniineiit 
erected  in  iSg|  to  the  memory  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Revolution. 

•  Williams  says  all  sat  down. 


2 


20 

spanning  the  "  kill.'"  The  rider  was  intently  scanning  a  small  map,  though  his 
animal  was  galloping.-'  On  this,  cither  Van  Wart  or  Williams  said,  "  Here 
comes  a  gentleman-like  looking  man,  who  appears  well-dressed,  and  whom  you  had 
better  step  out  and  stop,  if  you  don't  know  him.""  Paulding  did  so,  presenting 
his  musket  at  the  rider's  breast.^  "  I  asked  him  which  way  he  was  going." 
"My  lads,"  he  replied,"!  hope  you  belong  to  our  party.'""'  "What  party?" 
"The  lower.""  "We  do — my  dress  shows  that,"  artfully  said  Paulding,  who 
wore  the  uniform  coat,  green,  faced  with  red,  of  a  German  J'Jgrr.  This  dress 
naturally  helped  to  deceive  Andre.'  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Paulding  had  but  a  few 
days  before  escaped  from  a  British  prison  —  the  North  Dutch  church,  Fulton 
Street  —  in  New  York,  and  by  the  friendly-  keeper  of  a  livery  stable  had  been 
furnished  with  the  coat,  to  help  him  pass  the  King's  Bridge  outposts."  The 
horseman,  now  addressing  the  group  collectively,  said :  "I  am  a  British  officer, 
have  been  up  the  couutrj'  on  particular  business,  and  would  not  wish  to  be 
detained  a  minute"  —  and  to  prove  his  claim  to  be  an  officer,  took  out  his  gold 
watch."  "  Upon  this,  I  told  him  to  dismount,'"  and  we  told  him  we  were 
Americans.""  At  this  the  stranger  started,  changed  color,  and  "  fetched  a  deep 
sigh.""  "  God  bless  my  soul,"  he  exclaimed,  "  a  body  must  do  anything  to  get 
along  now-a-days,""  and  produced  Arnold's  pass.  Paulding,  who  alone  of  the 
three  could  read  or  write  read  it.  "  You  had  best  let  me  go,  or  you  will  bring 
yourselves  into  trouble,  for  your  stopping  me  will  detain  General  Arnold's 
iMisiuess  :  I  am  going  to  Dobbs'  Ferry,  to  meet  a  person  there  and  get  information 
for  him,"  said  the  rider,  whom  Van  Wart  afterwards  accurately  described  as  "  a 
light,  trim-built  man  of  a  bold  military  countenance,  and  with  dark  eyes."  The 
pr.rty    hesitated  —  Arnold's    pass    was    uudoubtedly   genuine,    and    his   authority 


'  Vail  Wart. 

-  Williams,     Van  Wart  sivs  he  w.is  ruliiij,'  slowly,  which  seems  more  likely.     Both   may  lie  right,   for  he  may 

have  checked  the  .iiiimal  just  .is  he  crossed  the  bridge.     As  he  was  halted  he  thrust  the  map  (which 

.\riiold  or  Smith  had  given  him)  into  his  ofT  boot-leg. 

■'  Paulding. 

■•  Van  Wart  says  all  three  presented  their  guns. 

'"'  Williams. 

"  .Vndre's  fatal  (piotiou  has  been  the  wonder  of  all  historians.     With  the  pa.ss  in  his  pocket  which  had  brought 

him  siifelv  through  so  many  dangers,  he  iii,-ide  his  crowning  blunder. 
The  suddenness  of  the  surprise  seemed  to  deprive  him  of  his  wonted  presence  of  mind.  — /("/('(. 
Instead  of  producing  .Arnold's  pass,  which  would  have  extricated  him   from  our  parties,  and  couhl  have  done 

him  no  harm  with  his  own,  he  asked  the  men  if  they  were  of  the  "  upper"  or  "  lower  "  jvarty.-  -  Hamilton. 
With  a  want  of  self-possession  so  difficult  to  be  accounted  for  in  a  mind  e(|Ually  brave  and  intelligent  that  it 

would  almost  seem  Providential,  iu.slead  of  jiroducing  the  pass  from  .\riiold,  he  asked  the  man  (Williams) 

where  he  belf  nged. —  Afarshall. 
7  General  Van  Cortland  savs  Andr^  exclaimed:   "Thank  God!     I  am  once  more  among  friends."     The  buttons 

of  this  coat  were  loiig  jireserved  at  the  Van  Cortland  manor  house  at  Crotoii. 
'- Tlie   "fierce  spirit  of  liberty"  which  the   Rriti,sh  acknowledged  actuated  the   people  of  New  Kngland,   was 

found  also  in  the  devastated  Neutral  Ground.     Twice  a  jirisoner,  yet  in  arms  again  as  soon  as  he  escaped, 

is  a  tvpical  record  of  a  young  militiaman. 
'■'  He  carried  two,  one  of  silver. 
1"  Paulding. 
11  Van  Wart. 


extended  to  Tarrytown.'  Once  more  Andre's  fate  hung  in  the  balance,"  but  he 
had  just  avowed  himself  a  British  officer,'  displaying  as  a  proof  a  gold  watch,  an 
article  possessed  by  but  very  few  Americans  at  the  time  —  and  Paulding,  the 
master  spirit  of  the  three,  whose  acquaintance  with  British  officers  was  recent  and 
]irobably  painful,  was  not  satisfied,  and  said,  doubtfully,  "  I  hope  you  will  not  be 
offended,  we  do  not  mean  to  take  anything  from  you,  but  there  are  many  bad 
people  on  the  road,  and  I  don't  know  but  you  may  be  one.  What  is  j'our 
name?"  "John  Anderson,"  was  the  reply. ^  Still  unsatisfied,  Paulding  told  him 
he  must  dismount  and  accompany  them  into  the  thicket,  where  they  would  be  out 
of  sight  of  passers-by.'"  This  was  done,  Williams  bringing  up  the  rear  and 
replacing  the  fence  rails  behind  them."  Paulding  told  Williams  to  search  him, 
wliich  was  done,  and  even  his  outer  clothing  removed,  but  to  no  purpose.  Then 
he  was  told  to  sit  down  and  take  off  his  boots,  "  which,"  naively  adds  Williams, 
"  he  seemed  to  be  indifferent  about,  but  we  got  one  off  and  found  nothing  in  it." 
\'an  Wart  says :  "  We  found  his  stocking  sagged  a  little,  and,  taking  it  of?,  found 
three  unsealed  letters  within.  Paulding  hastily  read  them,  and  exclaimed,  '  He  's 
a  spy!'" 

^^''illiams  continues :  "  We  found  three  more  papers  in  the  other  stocking, 
then  made  liim  dress  himself,  and  I  asked  him  what  he  would  give  us  to  let  him 
go."'  "  Any  sum  you  want,"  was  the  prompt  reply  —  if  money  could  save  him, 
tlie  fugitive  had  no  fear  of  the  result.  "A  hundred  guineas,  with  the  horse, 
saddle,  bridle  and  your  watch  ?"  queried  Williams.  "  Yes,  and  the  money  shall 
be  .sent  here  if  jou  want."     "Will  you   not  give   more  ?"  pursued   the  relentless 

'  .\.s  Sheldon's  regiment,  on  duty  as  low  as  While  Plains,  was  under  .\rnold,  I  infer  that  his  authority  extended 
to  Tarrytown.  Vet  on  August  3,  Washinjjton,  in  appointing  him  conunander  at  West  Point,  made  out  his 
notice;  "West  Point  and  its  dependencies,  in  which  all  are  included,  from  I'ishkill  to  King's  I'erry." 
Possibly  this  refers  only  to  the  fortifications. 

-  We  were  about  allowing  him  to  pass,  and  he  was  reining  his  horse  into  the  road,  when  Paulding  exclaimed,  iu 
an  undertone,  "  I) n  him  !  I  don't  like  bis  looks." — lyUliaiin. 

•1  •■  I  would  have  let  him  go,  had  he  shown  his  pass  before  he  said  he  was  a  British  officer,"  Paulding  afterwards 
.idmilted. 

A  curious  story  may  be  found  in  the  "Life  and  Observations  of  Rev.  K.  V.  Newell"  (C.  W.  Ainsworth, 
Worce.ster,  Mass.,  1849,)  to  this  effect :  In  1799  he  was  told  by  Rev,  Duncan  McColl,  a  well-known 
Metbodi.st  clergyman,  in  Connecticut,  and  an  associate  of  Rev.  Jesse  Lee,  the  founder  of  New  Kngland 
Methodism,  that  during  the  Revolution  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  by  the  British  "  fielil-officers  "  (Ilead- 
ijuarters?)  and  in  such  capacity  was  aboard  the  /'h//«Vc  when  she  lay  in  the  Hudson  awaiting  the  return 
of  .AndriJ,  "  who  had  gone  ashore  to  ascertain  whttlier  Burgoyne  had  reached  .\lbany,  an<l  to  secure 
iMtiirm.ition  about  the  American  troops"  That  he  (being  then  recently  converted)  desired  to  prevent 
further  hostilities  and,  with  another  man  on  the  I'lilluri  (whufte  name  he  did  not  give),  prayed  to  that 
efTict  —  and  that  the  two  believed  .^ndrd's  capture  was  an  answer  to  their  prayers. 
The  story  comes  so  directly  tliat  it  may  receive  more  consideration  than  it  would  otherwise,  considering  the 
variance  in  time  between  Durgoyne's  campaign  (1777)  and  Arnold's  treason. 

■  .\  singular  circumstance  is  that  on  July  4,  1S07,  at  the  "Old  South"  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  a  play  concerning 
Andr^  was  produced,  in  the  course  of  which  was  used  a  drop  scene  which  he  had  painted  for  the  theatre 
used  by  the  officers  of  Howe's  army  during  the  occupation  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  introduced  as  repre- 
senting the  scene  of  his  capture. 

■*  Williams'  account,  as  printed,   says  they  went  about   seventy  rods  into   the   thicket  —  an  almost   manifestly 
itnpossible  distance.     It  is  probably  a  typographical  error  for  seven,  or  twenty  —  most  likely  the  latter. 
Williams  says  Andrd's  underclothing  was  of  fine  quality  —  "  thread."     His  faculty  for  noticing  details  would 
have  made  him  a  good  newspaper  reporter.  '  7  This  admission,  page  31. 


i      -u. 


'J 


31 

captor.'  "  Yes,  any  quantity  of  drj'goods,"'-  was  the  reply,  Andre  finally  risinij 
to  ten  thonsand  guineas  —  an  amount  wImcH  surpassed  the  bribe  paid  to  Arnold,' 
and  must  have  seemed  simply  fabulous  to  his  hearers/  "  Where  did  you  get 
these  papers?"  he  was  asked.  "Of  a  man  at  Pine's  Bridge,  a  stranger  tome," 
was  the  reply  —  too  transparent  to  deceive  for  a  moment.'"  His  watch  —  the  gold 
one — was  now  taken  from  him,  and  the  eighty  dollars  Continental  bills  which 
Smith  had  given  him."    The  fence  was  replaced,  the  order  given  him  to  mount 

"  This  niliiiission  ciTtainlv  tends  to  make  one  believe  .\Milr^'s  subsccnient  decLiration  to  TalhiiailKe  that  tliry 
ripped  open  his  saddle  for  money,  and  finding  none,  said  :  "  Hi'  may  have  it  in  his  boots,  '  and  so  thobe 
were  taken  off. 

The  truth  is,  to  the  iniprudenie  of  the  man  (.\ndr^-  himself)  and  not  to  the  patriotism  of  anyone,  is  to  be 
iiltributcd  tlic  capture,  Haii  money  been  at  command  after  tin-  imprudent  confession,  or  any  security 
tjiven  that  the  "patriots"  could  put  confidence  in,  he  might  have  )>a.ssed  on  to  Clinton. —  hiii/;,  in  1.S23. 

Sargent  prints  this  interesting  affidavit  : 

Croni  I'omI,  July  9,  ij.S"). 
Miss  Hannah  Sniflen  says  that   *  *  '   and   Isaac  Van  Wart  did,  on  the  night   of  the   i-;\\\   ult.  take 
from  XIr.  James  Sniffen,  an  inhabitant  of   White   Plains,  without  civil  or  military  autl.,)rity,  three  milch 
cows,  which  they  converttil  to  their  own  private  use. 

Hannah  Snifi'Kn, 

in  behalf  of  her  father. 

Sargent  says  this  is  among  the  Rufus  I'utnam  ])apers  in  Ohio. 

Sargent  further  says  that  Williams  ami  others,  twice  in  the  Summer  of  17S0,  made  sei/'uris  of  pcojile  and 
callle,  but  the  civil  authorities  interfereil  and  compelled  restitution  in  both  cases. 

The  disbelief  of  Tallmadge,  King,  and  others,  in  the  ]mrity  of  the  captors'  motives,  is  an  old  story,  and  need 
not  be  repeated  here.  1  am,  however,  enabled  to  give  a  valuable  statement  bearing  on  the  cbaraclers  of 
\'an  Wart  and  Williams,  which  has  never  before  been  printeil,  and  which  jjroves  beyond  i|iiestion  that  the\ 
had  l)eeu  niarauilers  (as  Colonel  A.  O.  Hanmiond  wrote  to  Tallmadge).  My  informant  is  Rev.  Chester  C. 
Thome,  of  Windham,  New  York,  grandson  of  Jesse  Thorne,  whom  1  have  quoted  on  page  2.). 

"  My  grandfather  came  to  visit  my  father  at  the  lime  we  were  living  near  West  Onconta,  N.  Y.,  and  I 
remember  his  calling  me  to  him,  saying,  'I  have  something  to  tell  thee'— and  he  told  me  this  story 
so  vividly  that  I  never  forgot  it:  In  spealting  of  the  captors,  he  said  repeatedly  (referring  to  Williams 
and  Van  Wart)  'They  were  Cowboys.'  (While  my  great-grandfather,  Stevenson  Thorne,  suffered  terribly 
at  the  hands  of  the  'Cowboys'  he  never  complained  particularly  of  the  'Skinners.'  Ho  was  reijealedlv 
]>lunilered  by  the  former  —  of  live  stock  and  household  goods.)  It  become  known  that  he  had  mom- v 
secreted,  and  one  day  (the  exact  date  cannot  be  positively  given,  but  was  probably  in  1777  or  '7.S1  an 
armed  gang  came  to  his  house,  and  demanded  it.  I'ailing  to  force  him  to  surrender  it  or  reveal  its 
hiding  place,  they  endeavored  to  break  open  a  wardrobe  where  it  was  really  hidden,  but  failed.  They 
then  proceeded  to  hang  him  to  one  of  the  trees  in  his  orchard,  and  strung  him  up  twice,  each  lime  letting 
him  down  just  in  time  to  .save  his  life,  and  then  demanding  the  surreucfer  of  the  gold. 

.\  third  time  they  drew  him  up  to  the  limb,  and  on  letting  him  down  life  was  almost  extinct.  Convinced  that 
death  would  he  his  portion  if  he  persisted  in  further  resistance,  the  unfortunate  man,  after  being  revived, 
surrendered  the  hidden  treasure,  which  amounted  to  $i,3cx)  in  gold.  One  of  the  gang  engaged  in  the 
robbery  was  Isaac  Van  Wart  and  David  Williams  was  not  far  off,  (So  naively  adds  Jesse  Thorne.  in  the 
written  narrative.)  This  incident  in  his  life  is  known  to  all  of  Steven.son  Thome's  posterity,  and 
being  given  in  such  detail  by  his  son,  an  eye-witness  to  the  cruel  treatment  of  his  father,  the  slatiis  of  \au 
Wart  and  Williams  not  long  before  1780  may  be  regarded  as  definitely  settled,  as  that  of  Cowboys. 

I  Though  neither  knew  it,  captive  and  captor  had  met  before,  for  when  Andr^  was  captured  at  St.  John's,  in 
'775.  Williams  was  a  soldier  of  Montgomery's  command. 

''  "  .Xiiy  amount  you  may  name,  in  cash  or  drygoods."—  Dr.  Bustis  to  Dr.  Thacher,  on  Van  Wart's  testimony. 

'■>  .\s  Grant  Thorburn  remarked  in  1840  (when  Williams,  the  la.st  survivor,  had  been  dead  only  ten  years)  this 
sum  would  have  made  the  three  so  rich  that  they  could  have  owned  more  live  stock  than  Job  in  the  height 
of  his  prosperity.  The  very  magnitude  of  the  sum  may  have  over-reached  its  object.  It  is  highly  probaljle 
no  one  of  the  three  had  ever  possessed  a  hundred  guineas  at  any  one  time. 

He  offered  also  to  let  them  keep  him  concealed  while  their  messenger  should  go  to  the  British  lines  with  the 
letter  he  would  write.  They  held  a  long  consultation  (as  he  told  Tallmadge  subsequently)  but  finally 
decided  the  risk  was  too  great,  "a  detachment  would  probably  be  sent  out  against  them,  they  be  captured 
anil  iniprisone<l  in  the  Sugar  House"  (probably  that  in  Lilierty  Street,  near  Nassau).  'Vhe  fear  was 
realized  in  part,  in  Paulding's  case,  soon  afterwards.  He  was  wounded,  a  third  time  captured  and  was  in 
a  llritLsh  hospital  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

i  "  We  refused  to  accept  his  bribes,  unless  he  would  say  from  whom  he  got  the  papers.  He  refused  to  i»y." — 
Williams,  in  1817.  «  The  law  allowed,  page  32. 


32 

and  j^o  in  advance'  Tlic  oilier  five  now  joined  tlieni  —  perhaps  summoned  by 
the  ajjreed-on  musket  shot.  Pauldinjj  said :  "  We  have  taken  a  prisoner,- 
searched  him,  and  found  papers  in  his  hoots,  and  don't  know  what  to  do  willi 
liini."'  "Take  liim  to  General  Washinj^tou,"  advised  Yerks.''  Possibl}-  as  a 
compromise,  it  was  af!;reed  that  he  be  taken  to  the  nearest  outpost,  which  was  one 
of  vSheldon's  Dragoons.  The  whole  party  accordingly  started,  but  not  before 
Andre  had  vainly  repeated  his  offer  of  ten  thousand  guineas.  .\t  this  point  he 
surrendered  his  silver  watch,  saying  "  it  was  their  prize,"'  and  the  party  began 
their  march  for  the  Romer  house,  which  they  had  left  that  morning. 

'■'  The  law  allowed  capturs  in  such  cases,  all  the  prisoner's  property  foiuiil  on  hitu.  U  was  restored  to  him  at 
Tiippan,  by  WasliinKloiiN  iiriler.  The  sixpence  he  had  j^iven  to  Sally  Haininond  seems  to  have  been  the 
iiiily  small  ihaiij;c  'le  had  with  liini.  At  Tapjian  lie  tuld  liowman  that  they  roljlied  him  of  the  few  ^juinias 
he  had.     Of  course  he  did  not  know  that  llir  law  jHTmitteil  it. 

I  Verks  says  Tauldiu;;  led  the  horse  up  the  hill. 

-  The  news  wa^.  soon  spread,  lor  thai  aflernoon  "a  runner  ])as.seil  our  house,  stopping  a  ninment  to  say  to  my 
father,  '  They  have  taken  a  spy  at  Tarrytown.'  "  — /iMv<  ']'lninii\  see  p.  24. 

'  Yerks  must  l.ave  thought  the  Chief  was  at  .Arnold's  ipiarters,  instead  of  at  Hartford. 

<  Wilhanis  '.Abraham  Williams,  See  and  Komer  ajipear  to  have  been  minor  figures.)  Verks  liavs  raulilinij 
demant'ed  it. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Tarrytown   to  the    Robinson   House — Detection. 


'T^] 


DFI'ICKUfi   HIT  ION. 
7th   ISKIrlriU   KKUIMEST. 


Now  a'  is  done  that  men  can  do, 
And  a'  is  done  in  vain. 

Ri'RNS.  — //  was  a'  for  our  rin/il/ii'  king. 

HE  distance  to  Romer'.s  was  fully  a  mile  and  a  lialf  or  two 
miles.  Dnring  the  march,  Sert(cant  Dean  was  in  command, 
as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  when  Williams  annoyed  the 
prisoner  by  persistent  questioning,  he  appealed  to  the  vSergeant 
for  protection,  and  the  latter  ordered  his  tormentor  to  desist. 
Van  Wart  has  left  this  graphic  picture  of  the  march :  "  You 
never  saw  such  an  alteration  in  any  man's  face.  Only  a  few 
moments  before  he  was  uncommonly  ga}'  in  his  looks,  but  after  we  had  made 
him  prisoner,  you  could  read  in  his  face  that  he  thought  it  was  all  over  with 
him.  After  travelling  one  or  two  miles,  he  said  ;  '  I  would  to  God  you  had  blown 
ni)'  brains  out  when  5'ou  stopped  me.'  " 

Paulding  preceded  the  others  to  the  Ronier  house,'  and  cautioned  Mrs. 
Ronier,  saying:  "Take  care  what  you  say,  Aunt  Fanny;  I  believe  we  have  a 
British  officer  with  us."  On  arrival  it  was  found  the  basket  containing  dinner 
had  been  forgotten  in  the  excitement  of  the  morning,  and  John  Romcr,  James' 
younger  brother,  a  boy  of  sixteen  who  was  destined  to  live  to  be  ninety-one,  was 
sent  back  to  the  tulip-tree  for  it.  It  is  not  clear  whether  the  party  waited  at 
Romer's  for  his  return,"  or  went  at  once  to  Reed's,''  where  they  had  borrowed 
the  cards  that  morning.  This  —  now  known  as  the  Landrine  house — still  stands 
on  the  north  side  of  the  old  White  Plains  road,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from 
the  New  York  Central's  Tarrytown  station,  and  half  a  mile  from  the  East  View 
or  Tarrytown  stations  on  the  New  York  and  Putnam  road.  The  small  addition 
to  it,  shown  in  the  illustration,  is  modern.  Andre  was  taken  into  the  right-hand 
room.  Here,  at  the  right  of  the  fireplace,  is  a  box  stairway,'  and  on  its  first  step 
he  sat  while  eating  bread  and  milk.     The  stairs  remain  unchanged,  but  the  door 

1  The  party  probably  also  visited  the  Dean  house,  though  this  is  not  certain. 

'i  Ytrks  says  all  had  some  food  while  there,  hut  Andri?  refused  to  cat.     It  may  he  that  this  house  was  the  scene 
of  the  dinner  referred  to  by  Irving.     See  page  34. 

3  Marked  13  on  the  map. 

^A  stairway  closed  in  and  hidden  by  a   partition,  but   without   balusters  —  usually   without   handrails.     It   is 

common  in  old  houses.     At  this'hou,sc  one  authority  — J.  S.  Lee,  of  licukmantown  —  Siiys  the  party  dined 

on  eggs  and  bacon. 


34 


seems  nioderii.  When  j-oung  Roiner  came  back  with  the  basket,  the  time  must 
have  been  i)ast  noon,  and  its  contents  were  probably  eaten  before  the  journey  was 
resumed.  Sheldon's  nearest  post  was,  as  Foote  had  said,  at  Robbins'  Mills,  the 
present  Kensico.  I  quote  from  Judge  Dykman,  illustrating  the  minutely  careful 
record  he  has  made  of  the  route,  enabling  the  tourist  to  easily  identify  sites : 

They  passed  along  the  road 
East,  turned  to  the  north  on  the 
hill  west  of  the  county  almshouse, 
up  that  road,  under  Buttermilk 
Hill,  across  the  Sawmill  river  at 
the  bridge  just  below  the  mill. 
Passing  up  the  road  near  Raven 
Rock,  they  went  to  the  corner  at 
the  late  residence  of  Carlton  Clark. 
Turning  to  the  right  they  ascended 
the  hill  to  the  Upper  Cross  Roads, 
down  another  hill,  past  Ebenezer 
Newman's,  across  the  hollow  now 
traversed  by  tlie  Harlein  Rail- 
road, and  up  Reynolds  Hill  on 
the  White  Plains  road  to  the  old 
I'^oshay  hou.se. 

This  building'  was  unfor- 
tunately destroyed  before  I  could 
visit  and  photograph  it.  Here 
they  stopped  awh'le,  and  drank 
water  or  milk.  Their  objective 
poiut  was  John  Robbins'  house, 
where  the  officer  in  command 
of  Sh.eldon's  detachment  was 
supposed  to  be.  It  is  a  small 
frame  building,  on  land  recently 
—  1 896  —  acquired  by  New  York 
City  as  part  of  the  Kensico  reser- 
voir watershed,  and  is  soon  to  be  removed  or  destroyed  on  that  account.  Of  all  I 
visited,  it  is  about  the  only  one  in  bad  condition.  Its  siding,  though  probably  not 
the  original,  is  nearly  black  from  age  and  exposure,  and  the  front  porch,  where 
Andre  probablj'  entered,  has  disappeared,  though  tne  old  Dutch  half-door  remains.'' 
It  was,  probably,  at  this  house  that  occurred  the  episode  told  only  by 
Irving.'     The  party  arrived  as  the  family  were  at  dinner.     Andr6  was  asked  to 

I  Site  iimrked  14  on  tlu'  m:<\). 

^  This  side  till;  building  was  in  sucli   l)ad  condition  that  Mr.  liennett  preferreil  to  photograph  the  other,  where 

the  <>l)liging  housewife  went  to  the  Ironhle  of  taking  down  her  Monday  wash  to  allow  the  camera  a  clear 

field.     It  is  niarki'd  15  on  the  nia)). 
a  /.(/(■  I'/  U'liihitigtoH,  Vol.  iv.,  p.  124. 


.  r    ^ 

•T.       — 


share  the  repast,  and  its  humble  nature  apologized  for.  He  replied:  "Oh, 
madam,  it  is  all  very  good,  but  indeed  I  cannot  eat."  A  young  girl  of  the 
company  was  Irving's  informant  in  hpr  old  age,  and  said  she  could  never  restrain 
her  tears  when  recalling  the  scene.  The  house  had  been  the  quarters  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel  John  Jameson,'  of  Sheldon's  regiment."  As  the  Colonel 
himself  was  under  arrest'  at  t'le  time,  for  some  unknown  military  offense, 
Jameson  was  in  temporary  command,  and  possibly  for  that  reason  had  transferred 
his  headquarters  to  Sands'  Mills,  in  the  town  of  North  Castle.  Hence  the  squad 
resumed  their  march,  over  the  North  Castle  road.'  One-half  the  distance  from 
Tarrytown  had  been  covered,  and  six  miles  remained.  It  could  not  have  been 
earlier  than  three  o'clock,  and  was  probably  somewhat  later.  Andre  was  still 
riding  his  brown  horse,  which  one  captor  after  another  led  Ijy  the  rein,  the  others 
marching  on  either  side  and  behind.  Sands'  Mills  would  be  reached  by  five  or 
half-past.''  The  "  Mills  "  is  merely  a  sawmill  and  two  or  three  houses  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  small  town  of  Armonk,  formerl}'  called  Mile  .Square.  None 
of  the  present  dwellings  are  of  Revolutionary  age,  the  Sands  house  being  dated 
1809.  Probably  Sands'  original  dwelling  and  that  we  are  interested  in,  the 
outbuilding  or  annex  to  the  barn,"  were  the  only  ones  there  in  1780,  besides  the 
mill.  The  second  and  third  are  not  a  hundred  feet  apart.  The  mill  was  closed 
on  the  day  of  our  visit,  but  is  modern,  at  least  outside.  It  is  run  by  the  power 
of  Wampus  Pond,  a  pretty  little  lake  on  the  higher  ground  westward.  To  the 
north  and  west  are  the  "  Heights  of  North  Castle,"  where  Washington's  forces 
encamped  after  the  battle  of  White  Plains  (1776). 

The  farm's  outbuilding,'  like  most  others  of  its  time,  has  lost  its  appear- 
ance of  age  with  its  ancient  shingle  siding.     Smooth  modern  boards  effectually 


1  John  Jameson,  of  a  distinguished  Virgiiiiii  family,  was  born  in  eillier  Culpeper  or  I'airfax,  Va.,  in  1751.    .\t  tlie 

lime  we  are  considering  he  had  heen  for  three  years  an  officer  of  Sheldon's  regiment,  to  which  he  had 
been  promoted  from  Major  of  island's  First  Dragoons,  a  Virginia  regiment,  as  Sheldon's  was  of  Cnn- 
necticnt.  He  had  been  wounded  near  Valley  I'orge  in  177S,  and  served  creditably  thronghont  the 
Revolution.  He  was  for  many  years  Clerk  of  Culi)ej)er  County,  dying  in  Culpeper,  N'ovember  2",  tSio. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  same  Masonic  Lodge  in  .Alexandria  as  Washington.  Tlie  portrait  .shown 
has  never  before  been  published.  I  am  indebted  for  it  to  his  grandson,  Mr.  I'liilip  R.  Jameson,  of 
Culpeper. 

2  Sheldon's  was  a  "crack"  regiment,  the  arms  and  accoutrements  of  which  had  been  bought  in  Trance.     That 

part  of  it  on  duty  in  Arnold's  district  comprised  only  142  men,  "about  one-half  mounted  "  (sie  page  16). 
The  paper  with  this  detailed  information  was  at  that  moment  in  ])os.session  of  Paulding  I  or  Dean). 

■''Sheldon  was  tried  by  court  martial  at  West  Point,  Octol)er  23,  17S0,  Colonel  Ila/en,  of  the  "  Congress, "  or 
Second  Canadian  Regiment,  being  president,  and  acquitted. 

*  Williams'  account  .says  :  "  We  kept  to  the  by-ways,  and  went  as  quickly  and  silently  as  we  coulil.  He  suffered 
much  in  miml,  as  was  apparent  from  his  great  dejection,  but  he  acted  like  a  gentleman,  candidly  and 
politely,  and  never  once  attempted  to  escape." 

"  History  has  generally  .state<l  that  only  the  three  captors  went  to  Sands'  Mills.  lint  in  iSp  .Samuel  Youngs, 
who  had  been  a  private  in  the  First  We.stche.ster  when  coinmaniUd  by  Colonel  Hammond,  and  became 
a  lieutenant  in  Sheldon's  in  1782,  endorsed  the  pensi(ui  a|)plication  of  Knsign  John  Dean's  widow,  to  this 
effect:  In  i7iSo  he  himself  was  employed  as  a  guide  for  Sheldon's  regiment,  ami  as  such  was  at  Mile 
Square  on  the  twenty-third  of  September,  and  there  witnessed  the  arrival  of  the  eight,  whom  he  mentions 
by  name.  When  Dean  was  asked  by  Jameson  for  their  names,  he  gave  only  those  of  Paulding,  Williams 
and  Van  Wart. 

"  The  17S0  barn  has  given  place  to  another, 

?  Marked  16  on  the  map. 


.^6 

dis^^tiise  tlic  oldest  structure,  makinpf  it  rcseuible  a  "  modern  nutique."  The 
frame,  and  probably  luost  of  tlic  floor,  is  as  wheu  Jameson  tlicrc  received  the 
prisoner  whose  real  importance  he  so  misunderstood.  As  the  owner  was  absent, 
with  the  kej',  we  were  unable  to  make  a  photograph  of  the  interior,  which  's  now 
a  carpentry  workshop.  As  this  building,  like  Robbins'  house,  is  on  "  "-eservoir 
land  "  it  must  soon  be  removed  or  destroyed,  and  by  the  time  these  lines  reach 
the  reader  both  will  probably  be  things  of  the  past.  M}'  visit  to  the  scenes  just 
described  was  during  the  same  week  in  September  as  that  in  which  Andre  was 
there  in  1 780.  I  passed  over  almost  every  foot  of  the  road  he  traversed,  and 
realized  that  the  landscape  could  not  differ  greatly  from  that  which  he  saw. 
The  fence-corners  were  abla/e  with  purple  asters,  golden  rod,  tansy,  and  \'irginia 
creeper;  cardinal  flowers  were  blooming  here  and  there,  and  the  occasional  call 
of  "  Bob  White "  from  an  unseen  bevy  of  quail,  or  the  caw  of  a  crow  as  he 
winged  his  way  across  the  vallc}-  of  the  Bronx  —  here  a  little  brook  —  were 
almost  the  onl\-  sounds  which  broke  the  rural  quiet.  Just  such  Andre  must 
have  seen  and  heard,  as  he  rode  at  the  slow  pace  of  his  guard  those  six  miles 
from  Robbins'  Mills'  to  Mile  Square. 

Jameson  at  length  found,  and  "  Anderson  "  turned  over  to  him,  all  but 
Paulding,  Van  Wart  and  Williams  returned  to  their  several  homes.  If  their 
names  were  asked,  neither  Jameson  nor  anyone  else  mentioned  them.  Jameson's 
decision  to  send  "  Anderson  "  at  once  to  Arnold  with  a  letter-  is  familiar  historj','' 
and  has  been  severely  criticised.  But  of  the  honesty  of  his  purpose  —  and 
possibly  also  of  the  niilitar\'  propriety  of  his  action  —  there  has  never  been  any 
question.  In  a  subsequent  letter^  to  Washington,  he  acknowledged  his  unfor- 
tunate mistake.  Now  once  again  Andre's  star  seemed  emerging  from  the  clouds 
of  danger  surrounding  him.  Could  he  but  reach  Arnold  once  more,  he  was 
safe  —  and  he  must  have  been  eager  to  start.  The  guard  sent  with  him  oddlj' 
enough  did  not  include  any  of  his  captors.  It  was  composed  of  four  Connecticut 
militia,  undoubtedly  of  one  of  the  three  regiments  of  such,  on  the  North  Castle 
lines,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Jonathan  Wells,  Nineteenth  Connecticut. 
The  squad  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Solomon  Allen  of  Northampton,  Mass,, 
of  Colonel  vSeth  Murray's  three  months'  regiment  of  Hampshire  County  militia." 
(He  was  Adjutant  at  this  time.) 

'  Van  Wart  afterwards  referred  to  his  distress  of  mind,  as  shown  by  the  j;reat  drops  of  sweat  which  kept  falliiif; 

from  his  forehead. 
-  Whether  or  no  Andre  asked  him  to  do  this  is  a  disputed  point  (Lossinj;  says  he  did).     The  letter  is  as  follows  : 

North  Castle,  2,^  Septr. 
.Sir, — I  have  sent  Lieutenant  Allen,  with  a  certain  John  .\nderson,  taken  K"'".';  '"'"  New  Vork.     Me 

had  a  pa.ssport  signed  in  yom-  name.     He  had  a  parcel  of  papers  taken  from  under  his  .stocking's,  wliicli  I 

think  of  a  very  dangerous  tendency.     The  papers  I  have  sent  to  General  Washington.     Tltey  contained 

(see  description,  pages  16-iS), 
'  Van  Wart  afterwards  testified  tliat  Jameson  cautioned  the  captors  to  keep  the  matter  secret,   as  there  were 

probably  otheis  concerned  in  the  plot,  who  nnisl  not   be  frightened  off  before  they  could   be  seized.     I 

doubt  this.     An  officer  of  his  rank  would  not  have  been  likely  to  thus  take  an  unknown   militiaman  into 

his  confidence. 
*  See  Chapter  IV,  6  Solomon  Allen  was  born,  page  37. 


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S7 

These  events  took  place  on  Satnrday,  the  twenty-third,  prol)ably  at  about 
six  in  the  evening.  Andre,  who  had  now  been  in  tlic  saddle  almost  continuously 
since  five  in  the  morning,  was  at  once  hurried  of!  for  Arnold's  headquarters,' 
to  his  own  secret  satisfaction.  Nothing  but  the  arrival  a  little  later  of  one  whose 
reminiscences  of  the  period  are  among  the  most  readable  of  such,  prevented  him 
from  safely  arriving  there. 

This  person  was  Benjamin  Tallmadge,  of  Wethersficld,  Connecticut,  an 
active  and  intelligent  young  officer,  the  Major  of  Sheldcm's  regiment.  Heing  on 
duty  below  White  Plains,  he  did  not  return  to  headquarters  until  some  time  after 
the  Allen  party  had  left. 

His  suspicions  of  Arnold,  remonstrances  against  Jameson's  action,  and  the 
consequent  sending  of  a  messenger  to  overtake  Allen,"  are  all  familiar  incidents 
of  history,  as  is  also  Jameson's  obstinate  determination  that  the  letter  to  Arnold 
should  be  forwarded  notwithstanding. 

Andre  was  now  well  on  his  way  towards  Arnold — and  freedom.  Tlie 
recalling  order  came  almost  too  late.  Not  until  Allen  and  his  squad  were  upon 
the  hill  north  of  Peekskill,  close  to  the  ancient  St.  Peter's  Church,  were  tliey 
overtaken  by  the  messenger,''  "  bloody  with  spurring,  fiery-red  with  haste. "^ 

Once  more  the  unfortunate  prisoner  was  turned  back''  to  danger,  when 
little  more  than  an  hour  would  have  saved  him.  It  was  his  last  chance,  and  he 
was  now  to  progress  steadily  towards  the  inevitable  end.  The  return  to  Sands' 
Mills    was    about   eight   or    nine    o'clock    Sunday   morning,"   the    twenty-fourth. 


•'>  Solomon  Allen  was  born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  February  23,  1751,  and  'Ued  in  New  Y^ork  January  2H,  1H21. 
He  had  three  brothers  in  the  army,  one  the  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  first  pastor  of  the  Conjjregalional  Clinrili 
of  Piltsfield,  Mass.,  who  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Hennington  an<l  Sanitiiga.  Solomon  served  several 
short  enlistments,  and,  after  the  close  of  the  war  .served  also  in  suppressing  Sliays'  rebellion.  Afterwards 
he  studied  theology,  was  ordained,  and  became  distinguished  as  a  Methodist  p.astor,  chiefly  in  Western 
New  York,  Initially  settling  in  New  York  City,  he  died  there  in  1821.  See  Alli-n-ll'iller  Genealogy,  and 
J.  N.  ViMxiorWs  Sketeh  of  Last  Days  of  Solomon  Allen. 
l"or  his  portrait  and  autograph  I  am  indebted  to  his  great  grandson,  Mr.  Theodore  ly.  Allen,  of  I'ittsfield. 

'  I'rom  the  quick  time  made,  all  the  party  nmst  have  been  mounted.  The  Allcn-Wilter  Genealogy  s,-tys 
Andre's  arms  were  bound  behind  him  by  a  strap,  a  .soldier  holding  the  end,  and  orders  given  the  stjii.id  to 
shoot  him  if  he  attempted  to  escape.  Lieutenant  Allen  rode  in  the  rear.  The  compiler  of  the  genealogy 
does  not  give  his  authority  for  any  statements,  anil  the  papers  of  Rev.  Solomon  Allen,  though  supposed  to 
be  somewhere  in  New  York  City  (if  anywhere)  have  never  been  discovered  by  his  descendants. 

"  The  order  recallir^  Allen  reads  : 

"From  some  circumstances  which  I  have  just  discovered,  I  have  reason  to  fear  that  a  party  of  the 
enemy  is  above  ;  and  as  I  would  not  have  Anderson  re-taken  or  get  away,  I  desire  that  you  will  proceed  to 
Lower  Salem  with  him,  and  deliver  him  to  Captain  Iloogland.  Yon  will  leave  the  guard  with  Captain 
Hoogland  also,  except  one  man  whom  you  may  take  along.  You  may  proceed  to  West  I'oint  to  deliver 
the  letter  to  General  Arnold.  You  may  also  show  him  this,  that  he  may  know  the  reason  wh)'  the  pri.soner 
is  not  sent  on." 

^  Allen's  route  was  to  New  Castle  Corners  —  really  the  North  Castle  of  the  Revolution  —  thence  over  Crow  Hill 
to  Pine's  Bridge.  Thence  by  the  same  road  .\ndrd  had  travelled  in  the  morning  —  past  Strang's  tavern 
and  Miller's  hou.se  to  the  present  Locu.st  Avenue,  thence  to  Cortlandville,  near  the  Holhnan  house,  and 
towards  Continental  Village. 

'  The  ylllen  Genealogy,  which  is  somewhat  diffuse  on  this  point,  and  in  other  particulars  is  at  variance  with 
general  history,  says  the  escort  were  almost  mutinous  at  the  recall,  and  that  Andrd  encouraged  them,  so 
that  it  required  all  Allen's  authority  to  compel  them  to  return. 

■'  Why  did  Allen  return  to  Sands'  Mills,  instetul  of  going  to  Lower  (now  South)  Salem,  as  onlered?  This  has 
never  been  explained.  «  Authorities  differ,  page  38, 


38 

Andr^  was  once  more  put  in  the  ham's  "annex,"  and  met  Tallmadge  for  the  first 
time.  Prom  his  miMtary  walk  and  manner,  the  hitter  felt  sure  he  was  a  soldier, 
and  prevailed  (m  Jameson  to  order  him  sent  to  Sheldon's'  headquarters  at  South 
Salem.     Accordingly,  an   escort  of  twenty  dragoons,   under  Tallmadge,  was  told 

•  Authorilifs  differ,  some  puUiiiK  it  «»  i-arly  Moml.-iy  tiioriiiiiK,  but  Tallinadfjc  says  Sunday.  He  should  Iw  Rood 
authority.  Alien  returuiiij;,  did  mil  reach  '.Arimld  until  e.trly  Tue.sd.\y,  the  twenty-fifth.  TalhnadRe, 
writing  to  Stmrka  in  iHy,  ascrities  this  to  the  distance  travelled  —  ImicU  to  South  Salem  and  thence  to 
the  Koliinson  llouw. 

I  Tile  fact  that  Ariii>l(l  hail  notifuii  Uith  Tallmadge  and  Sheldon,  Soiitendwr  13th,  that  if  a  man  named 
Anderson  should  come  witliii'  the  lines  he  was  to  be  .sent  to  licad(iuarters,  now  naturally  tended  to 
streuKtheu  Tallmadne's  suspicions  of  the  Department  Commander. 

Arnold  wrote  :  Robinson  House, 

7  .Septemt)er. 
Since  I  saw  you,  I  have  had  an  opjKirtunity  of  transmitting  a  letter  to  the  person  in   New  York  of 
whom  I  made  mention,  and  am  in  expectation  of  procurinit;  a  mectin)»  at   y<mr  quarters.     If  I  can  brin^ 
this  matter  alwut,  as  I  hope,  I  shall  open  a  channel  of  ititoUlKence  that  will  w  regular  and  to  be  depeiuled 
upon. 

Aiidr^'  had  also  written  to  Sheldon  i)roi)Osin>!  a  mectiuK  at  Dobbs'  Kerry  : 

New  York,  the  ytli  Sept. 
Sir,— I  am  told  that  my  name  is  ma<le  known  to  you,  and  that  I  may  hope  your  indul^;cnce  in 
permitting  me  to  meet  a  friend  near  your  out])osts.  I  will  endeavor  to  obtain  pernus.sion  to  go  out  with  a 
il.ig,  which  will  be  sent  to  Doblis'  I'erry  on  Monday  next,  the  nth  in.stant,  when  I  .shall  be  haiijiy  to  meet 
Mr.  (5.  Should  I  not  be  allowed  to  go,  ttie  officer  who  is  to  command  the  escort  —  between  whom  and 
myself  no  distinction  need  be  made  —  can  speak  in  the  affair.  T,et  me  entreat  you,  Sir,  to  favor  a  matter 
so  interesting  to  the  parties  concerned,  and  which  is  of  so  priv.alc  a  nature  that  the  public  on  neither  si<le 
can  tie  injured  by  it.  I  shall  bj  liaj)py  on  my  part  in  doing  any  .act  of  kindness  to  you  in  a  family  or 
property  concern  of  a  familiar  nature.  I  trust  I  shall  not  lie  detained,  but  should  any  old  grudge  be  a 
cause  for  it,  I  shall  rather  risk  ihat  than  neglect  the  business  in  question  or  ■a.s.sume  a  mysterious  character 
to  carry  on  an  innocent  affair,  and,  as  friends  have  advised,  get  to  your  lines  by  stealth. 
I  am,  Sir,  with  all  regard,  your  most  obedient  humble  servant, 

John  ANiinR.soN. 
Tile  meeting  he  thus  jirojiosed  was  that  which  Arnold  failed  to  attend,  as  previouslv  noticed  (.see  Chap.  I.). 
It  was  this  letter  which  I.ossing  observes  puzzled  Sheldon,  anil  which  he  referred  to  .\rnold  on  the  9th. 
It  ..as  found  among  .Arnold's  papers.  In  .Arnold's  private  meiiioranilum  look,  was  afterwards  found  by 
Varick,  his  aiil,  entries  showing  that  he  had  written  to  "  Anderson,"  June  7,  July  13  and  17,  August  —  and 
.V  (the  Heron  letter,  which  .\ndr(5  never  received),  Sept.  3,  15  and  18  (a  duplicate). 

Sheldon  replied  to  .Arnold  : 

Lower  Salem,  9  September. 
Hear  Sir, — Enclosed  I  send  you  a  letter  which  I  received  l.i.st  evening  from  New  York,  signed  John 
Anderson.  If  this  is  the  person  you  mentioned  in  your  favor  of  yesterday,  he  must  have  hiul  his 
information  by  your  letter,  as  I  never  heard  his  name  mentioned  before  I  received  this  letter.  I  hope  you 
will  not  fail  meeting  him  at  Dobbs'  I'erry  ;  if  you  cannot  meet  him  yourself,  pray  send  some  person  that 
y<m  can  confide  in.     I  am  so  much  out  of  health  that  I  shall  not  be  able  to  ride  that  di.stance  in  one  day. 

Arnold  replied : 

loth  September. 

I  receiveil  last  nii»ht  your  favor  of  yesterday.  You  judge  right.  I  wrote  Mr.  Anderson  on  the 
3rd  inst.  requesting  him  to  meet  meat  your  (luarters,  ami  informed  him  I  h.id  hinted  the  matter  to  you, 
ami  that  you  wcmld  send  any  letter  to  me,  or  inform  me  of  his  arrival.  I  did  not  mention  his  name  in  my 
letter  to  you,  as  I  thought  it  unnecessary.  I  was  obliged  to  write  with  great  caution  to  him,  my  letter  was 
signed  duslaviis  to  prevent  any  discovery  in  case  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

l''roni  the  tenor  of  Mr.  .Anderson's  letter  (in  particular  that  part  where  he  says,  "  The  officer  who 
commands,"  etc.,  I  am  led  to  conjecture  my  letter  lias  been  intercepted.  There  are  .several  things  in  the 
letter  which  appear  mystericms.  As  you  are  unwell  and  I  want  to  go  to  Verplanck's  Point  to  give 
<lircctions  in  some  ttiattcrs  there,  I  am  determined  to  go  as  far  as  Dobbs'  I'erry  and  meet  the  flag.  If 
Mr.  .Ander.s<in  slioidd  not  be  permitted  to  come  out  with  the  flag,  and  should  find  means  to  come  to  your 
quarters,  I  wish  you  to  send  an  express  to  let  me  know  ;  and  send  two  or  three  horsemen  to  conduct  him 
in  the  way  to  meet  me,  as  it  is  difficult  for  me  to  ride  so  far. 

(Oh  .icconiit  of  his  wounded  lejj  ) 

If  your  health  will  permit,  I  wish  you  to  come  with  him.  I  am  convinced  of  his  inclination  to 
serve  the  public  ;  and  if  he  has  received  my  letter  and  in  conseqtience  thereof  should  come  to  your 
quarters,  I  make  no  doubt  to  fix  on  a  mo<le  of  intelligence  that  will  answer  my  wishes. 

If  C'lcneral  Parsons  has  arrived  I  wish  you  to  show  him  iiiy  letter,  and  tell  him  my  request  is  to  have 
Mr.  .\iiilerson  escorted  to  meet  me.  Ple.ise  write  me,  by  relurn  of  the  express,  through  wh;.t  channel,  you 
received  Mr.  .Anderson's  letter,  and  if  your  emis,sary  has  returned. 


Till-:  CiiLiiKKT  HorsK.  SoiTii  Sai.km. 

(I'roni  the  DriKinal  sketch  by  Dr.   Alexandir  AndcTson,  owned  by   Dr.   Tlioiiiiis  Addis  luiiiiut,    N.    V.) 


Tliere  was  a  spacious  yanl  before  the  door,  wliicli  he  desircil   he  iiiinht  be  perinitled  to  walk   in." — Kiiif;. 


FROM  ORIGINAL   PAINTING  BY  STUART,   OWNFO  BV  MR.  J.   HOWARD  KING.    RIDGEFIELO.  CONN. 


.^9 

off  to  take  him  there.  For  a  part  of  the  way  they  were  accoiiipatiicd  by  Paulding, 
Williams  and  Van  Wart,'  who  peem  to  have  been  hanging  around  headqnarters. 
The  rontc  was  by  Coman's  Hill,  Bedford  Village  and  Cross  River,  to  Lower 
Salem,  arriving  at  the  honse  of  'Sqnire  John  Gilbert  at  abont  eight  in  the 
morning.  The  honse  stood  on  the  west  side  of  the  road  leading  north  from  Lower 
Salem,  between  the  present  dwellings  of  Mrs.  Abby  Hoyt  and  John  I.  Bonton. 
It  no  longer  exists  —  the  illustration  being  taken  from  a  water-color  sketch-'  in 
the  collection  of  Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet. 

The  acconnt  of  Andre's  arrival,  given  by  Lientenant  (afterwards  General) 
Joshna  King,  of  Sheldon's,  is  so  graphic  that  I  insert  it  in  full: 

He  looked  soriewhat  like  a  reduced  gentlemau.  Hi.s  smallclothes  were  nankceti, 
with  handsome  white-top  riding  boots  —  in  fact  his  undress  military  clothes.  His  coat 
[was]  purple,  with  gold  lace,  worn  somewhat  threadbare,  with  a  small-brimmed  tarnished 
beaver  on  his  head.  He  wore  his  hair  in  a  queue,  with  long  black  beard,''  and  his  clotlies 
somewhat  dirty.  In  this  garb  I  took  charge  of  him.  After  breakfast  my  barlx;r  came  in 
to  dres.s*  me,  after  which  I  requested  him  to  go  through  the  same  operation,  which  he  did. 
Wheii  the  ribbon  was  taken  from  his  hair,  I  observed  it  full  of  powder  ;  this  circumstance, 
with  others  that  occurred,  induced  me  to  l)elieYe  that  I  had  no  ordinary  person  in  charge. 
He  requested  permission  to  take  the  bed  while  his  shirt  and  smallclothes  might  l>e 
washed.  I  told  him  that  was  needless,  for  a  shirt  was  at  his  service,  which  he  accepted. 
We  were  close  pent-up  in  a  Ijedroom,  with  a  vidette  at  the  door  and  window.  There  was 
a  spacious  yard  before  the  door,  which  he  desired  he  might  be  permitted  to  walk  in  with 
nie.  I  accordingly  disjwsed  of  my  guard  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  an  escajx;. 
While  walking  together,  he  obser\'ed  he  nnist  make  a  confidant  of  somebody,  and  he 
knew  not  a  more  proper  person  than  my.self,  as  I  had  appeared  to  befriend  a  stranger  in 
distress.  After  settling  the  wint  Ijetween  us,  he  told  me  who  he  was,  and  gave  me  a 
short  account  of  himself  from  the  time  he  was  taken  at  St.  Johns  in  1775. 

(This  looks  like  an  attempt  on  Arnold's  part  to  discover  whether  Sheldon  had  a  spy  in  New  York.  His 
endeavor  to  find  out  the  same  thing  about  Lafayette  is  historic.) 

About  August  27  William  Heron,  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  Legislature  from  Redding,  and  well-known  to 
the  officers  of  the  Connecticut  Line,  requested  General  I'arsons  to  assist  him  in  procuring  a  flag  of  truce 
for  the  purpose  of  going  to  New  York,  that  he  might  collect  money  due  him  there.  Parsons  accordingly 
gave  him  a  note  to  Arnold,  who,  instead  of  granting  the  flag  imme<liately  detained  Heron  until  the  jnlli, 
anil  then  brought  from  his  private  room  a  letter  which  he  said  was  from  a  friend  of  his  own,  that  he  hacl 
examined  it,  and  at  the  same  time  pointing  out  to  Heron  that  it  had  been  sealed  with  a  wafer  which  he  had 
broken  and  afterwards  scaled  with  wax,  desired  him  to  be  careful  to  deliver  it  with  his  own  hand 
if  he  went  to  New  York. 

Heron  did  go,  but  Arnold's  extraordinary  precautions  led  him  to  inspect  the  seal,  and,  finding  the  wafer  had 
not  been  broken  as  Arnold  said,  his  suspicions  were  excited,  and  instead  of  delivering  the  letter  as 
proini.sed,  he  brought  it  back  with  him,  and  on  September  10  gave  it  to  Parsons.  As  it  seemed  to  relate 
merely  to  trade,  Parsons,  preferring  to  state  the  facts  privately  to  Washington  ins>'.'ad  of  making  a  formal 
communication,  rode  over  to  camp  (Tappan)  for  the  puipose  —  but  found  Washington  was  just  leaving  for 
Hartford.  So,  as  Par.sons,expresses  it,  "  it  was  left  to  the  ripening  of  the  horrid  event  to  detect  this 
unsuspecting  instrument."     (Parsons'  letter  is  printed  in  Sargent.) 

Tt  is  an  interesting  sjieculation  as  to  how  much  history  would  have  been  changed,  had  the  letter  been  delivered 
in  New  York,  or  had  Parsons  succeeded  in  bringing  the  matter  to  Washington's  attention.     It   was  the 
letter  signed   "  Gustavus,"   and  dated  August    30.— Charlks   S.   Hall,   ffn//  Ancestry,   N.    Y.,    1896. 
1  Williams. 

-  By  the  late  Dr.  Andrew  Andetson,  the  father  of  Americjin  wood-engraving.  It  is  proliably  the  only  original 
view  existing.  The  late  John  Jay  bought  the  house  in  1856,  hoping  that  puldic  interest  might  be 
sufficiently  awakened  to  preserve  it ;  but  his  eflort  failed,  and  the  site  is  now  a  cultivated  field.  It  is 
marked  17  on  the  map. 
•'  As  no  gentleman  of  that  period  wore  a  beard,  King  probably  means  a  beard  of  several  days'  growth.  Andr^ 
could  not  have  shaved  for  four  days.     ••  Shave. 


40 

It   was  in  tlic  room  occujjicd   liy  Dr.   Broiison,'  the  "surgeon's   mate"  or 

assistant    surgeon,   of   Slieldon's  regiment,    that  tlie   prisoner  who  so    impressed 

King  wrote  at   three  o'clock  that  Sunday,  his  celebrated  letter  to  Washington,' 

wliicii  Haniiltcm  justly  says  is  "conceived  in  terms  of  dignity  without  insolence, 

and  apology  without  meanness  : " 

Salem,  Septemlxjr  24tli,  1780. 

Sir, — What  I  have  as  yet  said  concerning  myself  was  in  the  justifiable  attempt  to 
Ik.'  extricated.  I  am  too  little  accustomed  to  duplicity  to  have  succeeded.  I  beg  your 
Ivxcellency  will  l)e  jiersuaded  that  no  alteration  in  the  tenqxjr  of  my  mind,  or  apprehension 
for  my  safety,  induces  me  to  take  the  .step  of  addressing  you,  init  that  it  is  to  rescue 
myself  from  an  imputation  of  having  assumed  a  mean  character  for  treacherous  purjxises 
or  self-interest ;  a  conduct  incompatible  with  the  principles  that  actuate  me,  as  well  as 
witli  my  condition  in  life.  It  is  to  vindicate  my  fame  that  I  siieak,  and  not  to  .solicit 
security.  The  ix;rson  in  your  ix)S.session  is  Major  John  Andrd,  adjutant  general  to  the 
British  army. 

The  influence  of  one  commander  in  the  army  of  his  adversary  is  an  advantage 
taken  in  war.  A  correspondence  for  this  purjwse  I  held,  as  confidential  (in  the  pre.sent 
instance)  with  his  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  To  favor  it,  I  agreed  to  meet,  uix)n 
ground  not  within  the  j)osts  of  either  army,  a  person  who  was  to  give  me  intelligence.  I 
came  up  in  the  I'ulliirc  man-of-war  for  this  effect,  and  was  fetched  by  a  boat  from  the 
ship  to  the  beach.  Being  here,  I  was  told  that  the  approach  of  day  would  prevent  my 
return,  and  that  I  mu.st  he  concealed  until  the  next  night.  I  was  in  ray  regimentals,  and 
had  fairly  risked  my  person. 

Against  my  stipulations,  niy  intention,  and  without  my  knowledge  Iseforehand,  I 
was  conducted  within  one  of  your  posts.  Your  Excellency  may  conceive  my  sensation  on 
this  occasion,  and  must  imagine  how  nuich  more  must  I  have  been  affected  by  a  refusal  to 
re-conduct  me  back  the  next  night  as  I  had  l)een  brought.  Thus  become  a  prisoner,  I 
had  to  concert  my  escajje.  I  quitted  my  uniform,  and  was  passed  another  way  in  the 
night,  without  the  American  jx)sts,  to  neutral  ground,  and  informed  I  was  beyond  all 
armed  parties,  and  left  to  press  for  New  York.  I  was  taken  at  Tarrytown  by  some 
volunteers.  Thus,  as  I  have  had  the  honor  to  relate,  was  I  betrayed  (Ix'ing  adjutant 
general  of  the  British  army)  into  the  vile  condition  of  an  enemy  in  disguise  within 
your  jwsts. 

Having  avowed  myself  a  Briti.sh  officer,  I  have  nothing  to  reveal  but  what  relates 
to  myself,  which  is  true  on  the  honor  of  an  officer  and  a  gentleman.     The  request  I  have 

1  Isaac  Bronson  wa.s  iKirn  in  nrcakncck  (now  Middlebury ),  Conn.,  March  10,  1760.  He  .studied  niedicine,  and 
ill  Novi'niber,  1779,  wa.s  a])])ointed  Junior  Surgeon  of  Slieldon's  regiment,  wliere  he  saw  much  hard  service 
inider  many  difliculties.  A  single  instance  >;ives  an  idea  of  the  lack  of  modern  conveniences  in 
\V:isliini,'ton's  anny  —  that  at  times  there  was  hardly  a  tent  in  the  rej^inient.  In  17S3  he  relinquished  his 
iirofession  and  went  al)road  for  some  years,  returning  in  i7'Sg.  From  1792  to  1794  he  lived  in  Pliiladelphia, 
liut  in  17<)6  went  to  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  and  enj^axed  in  banking.  He  wa.s  very  .successful,  and  his  advice 
in  llnancial  matters  wa.s  often  sought  by  Hatnilton  and  other  distinguished  men.  He  died  at  Greenfield 
Hill.  Conn,,  May  19,  1839.  Andrd  gave  him  a  humorous  sketch,  showing  himself  escorted  by  the  four 
militia,  under  Lieutenant  Allen.     I  regret  not  being  able  to  trace  it. 

-  This  was  given  to  Tallmadge  to  read,  then  sealed  and  .sent  to  Washington  by  th_  messenger  who  had  previously 
been  desi)atehod  to  meet  him  on  his  return  from  Hartford.  He  had  gone  almost  to  Danbnry  before 
learning  that  the  Chief  had  already  left  Hartford  on  his  way  to  Kishkill.  Returning  to  Sands'  Mills  he 
took  Aiidrd's  letter  to  the  Robinson  House.  He  did  not  arrive  there  until  two  on  Monday  afternoon, 
when  he  gave  it,  as  well  as  Jameson's  letter  to  Washington,  with  the  Arnold  papers,  to  Hamilton. 
Washington  was  then  at  West  Point,  and  hence  did  not  get  them  until  his  return  at  four  o'clock. 
(See  Chap.  IV.) 


^.  'D. 


FROM  THE  OBIOINAL  PAINTItiO  BV  TRUMBULL.   I»  THE  POSSESSION  OF  MR.   FREDERICK  BRONSON.    NEW  YORK 


41 

to  make  to  your  Excellency,  atul  I  am  conscious  I  address  myself  well,  is,  that  in  an\ 
rigor  jxjticy  may  dictate,  a  decency  of  conduct  may  mark  that,  though  imforttinate,  I  am 
branded  with  nothing  dishonorable,  as  no  motive  could  be  mine  hut  tlie  service  of  my 
king,  and  as  I  was  involuntarily  an  imixjstor.  Another  request  is,  that  I  may  Ik- 
permitted  to  write  an  open  letter  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  another  to  a  friend  for 
clothes  and  linen. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  mention  the  condition  of  some  gentlemen  at  Charleston,  who, 
being  either  on  parole  or  under  protection,  were  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  against  us. 
Though  tlieir  situation  is  not  similar,  they  are  objects  who  may  l)e  set  in  exchange  for 
me,  or  are  ]x;rsons  whom  the  treatment  I  receive  might  affect.  It  is  no  less.  Sir,  in  a 
confidence  of  the  generosity  of  your  mind,  than  on  account  of  your  sujK'rior  .s'ation,  that 
I  have  chosen  to  importune  you  with  this  letter. 

I  have  the  honour  to  'ie,  with  great  resiject,  Sir, 

Your  Excellency's  most  oliedient  and  most  humble  servant, 

John  Andri!,  Adjutant  General. 

While  those  at  South  Salem  are  waiting  to  hear  from  Washington,  we 
may  return  to  Smith  and  Arnold. 

While  Jameson's  second  messenger  was  riding  towards  the  Robinson 
Honse,  Smith,  all  nnconscious  of  the  important  events  of  Satnrday  and  Sunday, 
was  dining  at  Fishkill,  in  Washington's  company.  Before  the  messenger  arrived 
Lieutenant  Allen  had  reached  headquarters,  at  about  nine  on  Monday  mornin(»-. 

On  the  way  from  Fishkill  —  Monday  —  Washington  and  his  staff  stopped 
to  examine  some  fortifications.  The  Chief  sent  Hamilton  and  Major  Samuel 
Shaw,'  Third  Continental  Artillery  (or  Major  James  McHenry),-  to  notify 
Arnold  of  the  cause  of  delay  —  the  party  being  expected  to  breakfast  with  him. 

Washington's  servant  had  already  started  on  the  same  errand,  and  so 
arrived  iirst,  just  after  Allen  had  delivered  Jameson's  letter. 

Even  at  the  tremendous  news  of  Andre's  arrest,  the  wonderful  self- 
command  Arnold  had  so  often  manifested  did  not  forsake  liim.  Though 
evincing  some  emotion'  he  did  not  give  way  to  any  great  degree,  but  telling 
Allen  not  to  suy  anything  about  the  letter,^  he  returned  to  the  breakfast  room. 


1  Samuel  Shaw  wa.s  born  in  Boston,  October  2,  1754.  He  joined  the  patriot  army  January  i,  1776,  and  scrvnl 
throujjbout  the  Revolution,  becoming  Captain  in  the  Third  Artillery.  Froiu  1784  to  1794  he  was  enxaKod 
in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Canton,  China,  where  he  was  U.  S.  Consul  (the  first)  from  17.S6  to  1790.  In  1794 
ill-health  obliged  him  to  leave  China,  and  he  took  passage  on  a  ship  bound  for  Boston,  but  died  on  the 
voyage.  May  30,  1794,  and  was  buried  at  sea,  while  tlie  vessel  was  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

-  James  McHenry  was  born  in  Ballymena,  Ireland,  in  November,  1753,  and  die<l  in  Baltimore,  May  3,  1816.  He 
came  to  America  in  1771,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine,  in  I'liilailelphia,  under  the  celebrated  Dr.  Rush. 
In  July,  177s,  he  was  apiminted  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the  army,  then  at  Cambridj^e.  In  1776  we  find  him 
Surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion,  Colonel  Robert  Magaw.  Taken  pri.soner  with  him  at  I-"ort 
Washington,  he  was  not  exchanged  until  March,  177H.  In  May  he  became  Washington's  .secretary,  .md 
Surgeon  to  the  Flying  Camp  Hospital.  In  August,  1780,  he  was  appointed  Aid  to  Lafayette.  From  1796 
to  1 800  he  was  Secretary  of  War. 
Thacher  and  Lafayette  agree  that  he  —  not  Il.imiltou  —  went  w'th  Shaw,  and  .is  he  was  Lafayette's  Aid,  this 
would  seem  conclusive,  unless  Lafayette's  memory  in  1824  hail  become  untrustworthy.  He  also  says 
McHenry  was  at  breakfast  with  the  others  when  Allen  arrive<l. — (Letter  to  Luzerne,  Memoirs,  vol.  I., 
!>•  3'i7- ) 

■'  See  Washington's  letter,  page  52. 

<  Franks'  testimony  at  his  court  martial. 


4« 

told  tlic  asscnibled  officers'  the  letter  required  his  immediate  presence  at  West 
I'.iiiil,  l)iit  that  he  wcmld  rctuni  to  meet  Washington,  ordered  a  horse'  to  be 
saddled  at  once,  and  went  upstairs  to  bid  his  wife'  farewell.'      At   this   moment, 

Major  Franks  came  up,  to  tell  him  of  the  arrival 
/Ol  O  cP  tr^  j^  A  °^  Washington's  servant.  Naturally  supposing  that 
(p/JCCf^fjJ^^^^^T^'^^^^       the  Chief  would    arrive   at   any   moment,   Arnold 

fled^'  precipitately"  from  the  house,  by  a  short  cut 
down  the  hill,  since  known  as  Arnold's  Path,  to 
Beverly  Dock,'  where  his  eight-oared  bnrge  was  waiting,  the  boatmen  having 
been  hastily  summoned.  He  ordered  the  cockswain,  James  Larvey,"  to  push 
off,  telling  him  that  it  was  necessarj'  he  should  reach  the  Vulture  at  once, 
so  that  he  might  return  and  meet  Washington  at  his  quarters.  Showing  his 
haiulkcrchief  as  a  flag  of  truce  as  the  boat  passed  Verplanck's,  he  was  soon 
aboard  the  I'ullurr!'  Most  historians  agree  that  he  escaped  Washington  by  about 
half  an  hour,  though  Thacher  says  the  latter  did  not  arrive  until  noon,'" 
while  the  breakfast  party  were  assembled  at  ten.  On  his  arrival,  Major  Franks 
apologized  for  Arnold's  absence,  and  Dr.  Eustis"  reported  his  wife's  illness.  The 
Chief  breakfasted,  and  then  went  to  West  Point,  where  of  course  he  did  not  find 
Arnold,  and  where  Colonel  Lamb  was  as  much  surprised  to  meet  him  as  he  was 
not  to  be  received  with  the  proper  salute  of  cannon.  Thus  it  was  not  until  his 
return  to  the  Robinson  House,  at  four  o'clock,  that  he  met  Hamilton  and  learned 

•  Sarntiit  siiys  Majcir  liuriiet  (see  Clia]).  V.)  was  oiii;.     Thacher  says  Shaw  and  McHenry.     (If  so,  whure  w:is 

Ilaniillon?)     I'ranks,  one  of  Arnold's  aids,  was  present,  but  not  Varick,  who  was  sick  upstairs, 
1  One  t)elongin){  to  Varick  or  I'ranks. — Lafayette . 
'  Sargent  says  she  noticed  his  agitation,  and  followed  him  from  the  dining  room. 

Lafayette  (prol)al)ly  quoting  McIIenry)  s:iys  he  sent  a  servant  to  call  her  upstairs.     He  left  the  dining-room 

by  the  iloor  seen  alwve  the  screen  on  the  right  (the  doors  either  side  of  the  mantelpiece  are  of  cui)l)oards). 
<  At  the  abrupt  announcement  of  the  news  that  he  must  fly  for  his  life,  and  they  might  never  meet  again,  she 

fainted. 
''  I'"ranks,  astoni.shed  as  he  was  at  his  abrupt  departure,  had  to  think  of  Mrs.  Arnold,  who  came  ont  of  her  sw<x)n 

only  to  fall  into  strong  convulsions. 
Dr.  luistis,  surgeon  of  Knox's  artillery,  and  who  was  hospital  physician  of  the  post,  was  hastily  .sunnnoned  to 

attend  her. 

•  The  (suppo.sed)  approach  of  his  Excellency  left  him  hardly  an  instant  to  take  measures  for  his  own  safety,  or 

it  is  likely  he  would  have  attempted  (to  secure)  that  of  Andr<5,  and  the  matter  might  have  remained  in 
obscurity. — Hamilton. 
That  trivial  arrival  of  the  servant  upset  once  more  any  last  chance  for  Andre's  .-iafety.     Even  a  half-hour 
might  have  been  priceless  to    him  at  that  juncture.     A  delay  to  that  extent  would   not  have  endangered 
Arnold's  safety,  for  no  one  suspected  him  except  Tallniadgc,  who  was  miles  away.     Allen  could  have  bei  n 
innnediately  sent  back  with  orders  which  would  have  sent  Andre  down   to  Dobbs'  Ferry,  or  insured   his 
safety  in  some  other  manner. 
'  This  was  a  small  affair,  only  lo  x  20  feet.     It  long  ago  disappeared, 
»•  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  Fifth  Massachu.setts,  Colonel  Rufus  Putnam. 

u  nr.   ICustis,   in  a  letter  printed  in  the  Colleetions  of  the  Mass.   Historical  Society,  -Vol.  XIV,   p.   52,   says  he 
retaine<l  his  barge,  the  rowers  returning  in  one  furnished  by  the  Viiltiite's  captain. 
He  also  says  that  on  Arnold's  trying  to  persuade  the  men  to  enter  the  British  service,  two  did  so,  who  Imd 

l)een  British  deserters. 
This,  I  think,  must  be  a  mistake,  as  the  Briti.sh  invariably  hung  all  of  their  deserters  whenever  they  fell  into 
their  hands. 
•"  The  Allen  Genealogy  says  Lieutenant  Allen  <lined  at  the  house,  and  returned  to  Jameson  early  next  morning. 
No  mention  of  this  is  found  in  any  other  record.     He  was  not  a  witness  at  either  Andrd's  trial  or  Smith's. 
As  to  the  hour  of  Washington's  arrival,  see  his  own  letter,  page  51,     "Some  hours"  would  bring  it  to  at 
least  noon.  11  William  Eustis  was,  page  43. 


43 

the  astounding  news  of  the  conspiracy.  Its  effect  was  stunning,  and  he 
dcs])ondently  asked  Knox  and  Lafayette;  "  Wlioni  can  we  trust  tiow?"  Hy  this 
time  Arnold  had  been  some  time  safe  aboard  tlie  \'iiltun\  and  the  linrried  ride  of 
Hamilton  and  Shaw  (or  McHenry)  to  Verplanek's,  sixteen  miles,  was  fruitless, 
except  for  their  presence  when  a  flag  of  truce  arrived  from  her,  bringing  a  letter' 
from  Arnold  to  Washington,  whicii  enclosed  one  for  Mrs.  Arnold.'  Amid  the 
universal  consternation  and  mutual  distrust  caused  by  the.se  extraordinary  events, 
Washingtcm,  his  first  ebullition  of  despair  over,  remained  calm,  and  acted 
promptly  and  vigorously.  As  he  had  rea.son  to  suppo.se  the  British  fleet  might  at 
anj'  moment  be  sighted  in  the  distance,  on  its  way  to  capture  West  Point  in 
l)ursuance  of  the  plot,  his  first  thought  was  for  the  security  of  the  post.  Colonel 
Lamb,  who  had  crossed  with  him  from  the  Point,  and  whom  he  promptly  detached 
from  its  command  by  this  letter  — 

vSir, — It  !.'■■  my  wish  to  .see  Colonel  James  LiviiiRston' to-niKht,  .iiid  I  write  liim  liy 
yon  on  the  occasion.  In  liis  absence  you  will  take  command  of  tlie  jnists  .it  Stoiiey  ami 
Verplanek's  Points  till  further  orders. 

I  am,  Sir,  (etc.,  etc.,) 
Head  Quarters,  Kobinson's  House  (i.  \V'.\siiin(;ton. 

in  the  Highlands,  Se])temlx;r  25,  1780, 

o'clock  p.  m. 

To  Col.  John  Lamb  of  the  Artillery. 

II  Williain  Bustis  was  born  in  Caiiil)ri(lj(c,  Mass.,  June  in,  1753,  nnd  died  in  lioslon.  I'cl)nmry  6,  1SJ5.  He  was 
^{raiUiattil  at  Harvard,  sUiilied  medicine  and  became  associated  with  Dr.  Joseiih  Warren.  He  attendeil  the 
woumleil  after  Hunker  Hill,  was  ajipoinled  as  an  army  surgeon,  and  was  stationed  at  the  Koliinson  Hou.se 
two  or  more  years.  I'roni  I7,S.H  to  1794  he  was  a  member  of  the  Mas.s;ichusetls  Legislature,  from  i.Soi  to  cSfis, 
a  nunibtr  of'  Conj^ress.  In  1.S07  to  1H13  lie  was  Secretary  of  War,  from  1S1.4  to  iSiH  Minister  to  Holland  ; 
1.S20  to  1H23  he  was  again  in  Congress,  and  in  1.S23  elected  (Jovernor  of  his  native  state,  living  in  oflice. 
Several  of  his  family  have  been  distinguished  as  soldiers.  The  late  Senator  J.imes  H.  I'^ustis,  of  I.ouisiairi, 
who  was  in  the  Confederate  army,  and  afterwards  Aniba.s.sndor  to  I'raiice,  was  his  grand-nephew,  as  were 
also  lirigadk  r  General  .\brahani  Kustis,  Colonel  of  the  I'irst  U.  S.  Artillery,  Cai)tain  Williain  Kustis,  of  the 
Third  Infantry  and  I'irst  Dragoons,  anil  Brig.ailier  General  Henry  L.  Kustis,  Colonel  Tenth  Mas.snchu.sctts 
Volunteers. 

I  On  lH)ard  the  Vulture, 

Sept.  25,  17S0. 
Sir,— The  heiirt  which  is  con.scious  of  its  own  rectitude  c,  inot  attempt  to  palliate  a  step  which  the 
world  may  censure  as  wrong.  I  have  ever  acte<l  from  a  principle  of  love  to  my  country,  .since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  unliap])y  contest  between  Great  Ilritaiu  and  the  Colonies ;  the  siime 
principle  of  love  to  my  country  actuates  my  present  conduct,  Iiowever  it  may  aiipear  inconsistent  to  the 
world,  who  very  seldom  judge  right  of  any  man's  actions.  I  have  no  favour  to  ask  for  myself.  I  have  too 
often  ex])erienced  the  ingratitude  of  my  country  to  attempt  it ;  but  from  the  known  hinnanity  of  your 
ICxcellence,  I  am  induced  to  ask  your  protection  for  Mrs.  \rn(dd,  from  every  insult  and  injurylh.it  the 
mistaken  vengeance  of  my  country  may  expose  her.  It  ought  to  fall  only  on  me  ;  she  is  as  goiMl  and  as 
innocent  as  an  angel,  and  is  incapable  of  doing  wrong.  I  beg  she  may  lie  permitted  to  return  to  her 
friends  in  IMiiladelphia,  or  to  come  to  me,  as  she  may  choose  ;  from  your  Hxcellence  I  have  no  fears  on  her 
account,  but  she  may  suffer  from  the  mi.stakcn  fury  of  the  country.  I  have  to  re<|Uest  that  the  enclosed 
letter  may  be  delivered  to  Mrs.  Arnold,  and  she  be  permitted  to  write  to  me  I  have  al.so  to  ask  that  my 
cloaths  and  baggage,  which  are  of  little  consecpience,  may  l)e  sent  to  me  ;  if  required,  their  value  .shall  be 
paid  in  money. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be  with  gre.at  regard  and  esteem, 

Your  Kxccllencv's  most  obedient  and  hinnble  servant. 
His  Excellency  II.  Arnoj.d. 

General  Washington. 

P.  S.  In  justice  to  the  gentlemen  of  my  family.  Colonel  Varick  and  Major  I'ranks,  I  think  mysilf 
in  himor  boinid  to  declare  that  they,  as  well  .is  Jnslnia  .Sniilli,  ICs'j  (wliom  I  know  is  suspected),  .ire  totally 
ignorant  of  any  transiictions  of  mine,  that  they  have  reason  to  Iwlieve  were  injurious  to  the  (niblic. 

-■  There  is  iu  the  possession,  '  When  Washington  had,  page  44. 


^^/C^A&a^  ^'^ 


44 

may   have  proposed  the  capture  of  Arnold  by  means  of   a  boat  attack   on  the 
/  'itl/itrc.     At  any  rate,   such  an  inference  is  warranted  from  the  letter  he  wrote 

to  Colonel  Nathaniel  Wade,"  commanding  one  of 
the  Massachusetts  militia  regiments  at  the  Point, 
and  his  successor  in  the  command  of  the  post.  This 
has  never  before  been  published,  and  was  evidently 
written  very  soon  after  the  return  of  Washington  to 

Arnold's  quarters : 

Robinson's  House, 

25th  Sept'r,  1780. 

Dear  Sir, — Immediately  on  Receipt  of  this,  send  Ten 

Boats  pro|K'rly  Manned,  to  Nelson's  Point,  where  they  are 

to  remain  till  further  Orders.     You  will  pay  particular 

altention  to  this  matter,  as  it  is  indispensably  necessary. 

I  am,  dear  Sir,  your  obedient  servt, 

John  Lamb, 

Colo.  Commandant. 

The    Vul/nrc^s    sailing   down    the    river 
prevented  any  attack  on  her,  and  Lamb's  letter 
S^^aJ^    <^-.^^'-'^2_---  was  soon  followed  by  a  letter  from  the  Chief 

himself  to  Wade  :'■' 
Sir, — General  Arnold  is  gone  to  the  Enemy.  I  have  just  received  a  line  from 
him,  inclosing  one  to  Mrs.  Arnold,  dated  on  board  the  Vulture.  From  this  circumstance, 
and  Colo.  I.amb's  Ix^ing  detached  on  some  business,  the  cr-mmand  of  the  garrison  for  the 
jirescnt  devolves  ujwn  you.  I  rccjuest  you  will  l)e  as  vigilant  as  pos?'ble,  and  ms  the 
Kncmy  may  have  it  in  contemplation  to  attempt  .some  enterprise,  even  to-night,  a^sainst 
these  Posts,  I  wish  you  to  make,  innnediately  after  receipt  of  this,  the  best  di.sjwsition  you 
can  of  your  force,  so  as  to  have  a  proportion  of  men  in  each  work  on  the  west  side  of  the 
River.     You  will  see  or  hear  from  me  further  to-morrow. 

I  am.  Sir, 

Your  most  obt.  servt. , 

G.  Washington.' 

2  There  is  in  the  po.sses.sioii  of  a  geiUlenmii  in  New  York  an  interesting  letter  of  Varick's  to  his  si.ster  Jane.     It 
is  dated  soon  after  these  events,  and  gives  a  grajihic  de.scrii)tion  of  Mrs.  Arnold's  pitiable  condition. 
As  to  her  possible  complicity  with  her  husband,  I   own  to  disbelieving  it.     Hurr  is  the  only  authority  for 
cre<liliug  it,  aiul  if  it  were  a  fact,  wouhl  Arnold  have  left  her  alone  —  or  would  he  have  allowed  her  to  be 
at  the  Robinson  Hon.se  at  all,  in.stead  of  remaining  in  Philadelphia? 

■''  When  Washington  had  finished  giving  Livingston  the  orders  which  he  had  sent  for  him  to  receive  in  person, 
he  a<lded  :  "  It  is  a  .source  of  gratification  to  me  that  the  post  was  in  the  hands  of  an  oflScer  so  devoted  as 
yourself  to  the  cause  of  your  country." — Lossiiiff. 

'  Nathaniel  Wade  was  a  n.itive  of  Ipswich,  Mass.,  where  he  was  born  February  27,  1749,  and  where  he  died 
(lclol)er  26,  1S26.  He  was  a  captain  of  the  Ipswich  minute-men  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  saw  service,  as  a 
captain  in  the  Twelfth  Massachusetts,  Colonel  I^ittle,  at  the  siege  of  Boston,  the  battles  of  Long  Islan<I, 
Harlem  Heights,  White  Plains  and  Trenton.  In  February,  1 778,  he  became  colonel  of  a  militia  regiment, 
raised  in  Es,sex  and  Suffolk  counties,  and  .served  as  such  throughout  the  war.  A  singular  fact  in  con- 
nection with  his  West  Point  experience  is  his  statement  of  a  conversation  with  one  of  Arnold's  aids  — 
ap])arently  Franks  —  shortly  before  the  2,^rd.  He  was  returnini;  to  the  lx)at,  after  dining  with  .Arnold. 
The  Major,  accompanying  him,  said  impressively:  "There  ij  .something  going  on  here  that  I  do  not 
understand  and  cannot  find  out.  I  say  this  to  put  you  on  yo-ir  guanl  at  the  Fort"  (West  Point)  "I  fear 
there  is  something  brewing  about  us,  and  all  I  can  say  is,  loc/k  out !  "  With  this,  he  abruptly  left  Wade. 
Vet  if  this  was  n.illy  Franks,  the  trea.son  was  something  very  diffeient  from  what  he  had  anticipated,  for  it 
almost  ujiset  his  reason  when  the  revelation  really  came.  "■  On  Lafayette's  visit,  '  This  letter,  page  45. 


/.■    •  I  . 


.  • -',    -^..  ,     «    ^-     •r, 

,  '  ^  ,  ''.' 

,'  •■  f      ,.~,.  -•  ,  t  ^  < ^ . . 


:■-•■<' 


} 


..'•.„      ,  ^  .  /  ,  ;  .  U'  j),  ,"•_ 


^,^>   -A^..^; 


Letter  from  Colonel  John  Lamb,  Connnamlant  at  West  I'oint,  to  Colonel  Nathaniel  Wade,  of  a  Massachusetts 

regiment  of  militia  there,    relating   to   a    ( probable )    design   to   board 

the  Vultuie  and  capture  Arnold. 

(Frotti  the  original  in  the  possession  of  Francis  H.  Wade,  Ksq.,  Ipswich.  Mass.,  f^ratulson  of  Colonel  Wade.) 


«*    ^■/*«>ir/*«! 


^  /,. 


-:^,'jelr\..  >**i /.:.' //iV  ;>:^^^..^'.  *. 

■y^^",>^:;-      - 


.,5? 


1       ^        -^- 


A 


Letter  from   Washington  to  Colonel  Nathaniel   Wade,   ai)prisinn  him  of  Arnold's  treason,      rrohably   the  first 

letter  written  hv  Wa.shin^ton  on  this  snbject.     The  body  of  the  letter  is  in  tile 

handwritinj^  of  .\lexander  Hamilton. 

( From  tlif  original  in  the  i)o.sses.sion  of  Francis  H.  Wade.  }{sq.,  Ipswich,  Mas.s,.  Krnndson  of  Colonel  Wade.) 


45 

The  Stearns'  orderly-book,  from  which  I  have  before  quoted,  contains 
an  interesting  statement  of  the  composition  of  the  garrison  and  tlie  orders 
issued  on  the  occasion  : 

Sept.  25,  8  p.  111.  After-order.s :  One  captain,  one  subaltern,  three  sergeant.s  anil 
fifty  rank  and  file  to  Ije  turned  out  iinniediately  with  arms  and  blankets.  The  captain  will 
wait  on  Colonel  Wade  for  orders. 

2  A.  M.,  Sept.  26. 
The  followiiiR  di.sposition  of  the  troops  to  take  place  iniincdiately,  and  ofiicers 
coninianding  regiments  and  corps  will  Ix;  careful  to  have  their  men  completed  with  arms 
and  amnuinition,  and  everything  in  the  most  perfect  order  for  immediate  action.  Officers 
conimandiiig  regiments  will  take,  with  tlieir  own  regiments,  those  regiinenls  that  are 
divided  by  the  field  officers  of  the  same,  agreeably  to  seniority. 

Positions : 
Colonel  Ward's  (Wade's?)  regiment  at  Fort  Arnold.' 
Colonel  Rartlet's  at  Fort  Putnam. 
Colonel  Murray  to  .send  one  hundred  men  to  Fort  Willis  (Wyllys)  and  the  regiment 

to  Fort  Webb. 
Colonel  Rand's  regiment  to  be  divided  equally  lietweeii  Redoubts  Nos.  i  and  2. 
Colonel  Thayer's  at  Nos.  3  r.nd  4. 

All  the  draughted  artificers  to  join  their  rcsfx^ctive  regiments  immediately.     Major 
Bauinan  will  have  everything  in  his  department  in  order  for  immediate  action. 

The  next  day  Washington  wrote  : 

Sir, — Under  the  present  situation  of  affairs,  I  think  it  iiece.s.sary  that  the  rcsfK-ctivc 
works  at  West  Point  and  its  dependencies  Ix;  supplied  with  pnjvisions  and  water.  You 
will  therefore  be  plea.sed  to  have  a  projwr  quantity  distributed  to  each  of  them,  without 
any  loss  of  time. 

I  am  Sir, 

Your  most  obedt.  ser\'t., 
Head  Quarters,  G.  Washington. 

26  Sept.  1780.     Colonel  Wade. 

-  On   I,.ifayette'.s  visit  to  the  United  States  in   1.S24,  he  met  Colonel  W'ade,   and  rccallin)^  their  Kevohilionary 
exiieriences,  he  .said  :  "When  General  Washington  first  heard  of  the  defection  of  Arnold,  he  asked 
'  Who  has  the  immediate  command  ? '     (of  West  roint.)     "Learning  it  was  you,  he  said,  'He  is  a  true  man; 
I  am  .satisfied.'  " 

^  This  letter  is  quoted  bj-  Sparks  (  IVriiiitgs  of  Washington ,  vii.,  pp.  212-213)  '"'t  has  never  before  appeared  in 
fucsimilc.  Vox  permission  to  use  it,  and  the  Lamb  letter  opposite,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  1'",  II.  Wade, 
through  Mr.  Stuart  C.  Wade,  of  New  York. 

1  All  these  were  three  months'  militia,  raised  by  drafts  fiom  various  State  re).;inients,  and  formed  into  provisional 
organizations.  The  commanders  and  organizations  appear  thus  in  the  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire 
records : 

New  Hampshire  : 

Col.  Thomas  Hartlet  (at  West  Point). 
Col.  Moses  Nichols  (on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson). 
Massachusetts : 

Col.  Seth  Murray    (the   Hampshire  County   regiment  to   which    Lieutenant  Solomon   Allen 

belonged). 
Col.  John  Rand  —  a  regiment  of  Worcester  county. 
Col.  Ebenczer  Thayer  —  a  Suffolk  county  regiment. 
Nichols'  regiment  liad  420  men, 
Bartlet's  525 

945 


46 

To  this  Wade  replied  that  pickled  fish  was  about  all  the  available  provision, 
hut  that  the  water  supply  was  abundant  —  a  realistic  incture  of  the  poverty  of  the 
Revolutionary  coniniissariat,  even  at  a  permanent  post  like  West  Point. 

As  reinforcements  for  West  Point  were  likely  to  be  needed  if  the  British 
moved  up  the  Hudson,  Greene,  commanding  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  at 
Tappan,  was  ordered  to  march  to  West  Point.  At  three  in  the  morning  of 
Tuesday,  the  twenty-sixth,  the  order  reached  Tappan,  and  the  drums  beat  the 
alarm  tliroughout  the  camp.  An  officer  afterwards  described  the  scene  as  very 
impressive  —  the  non-commissioned  officers  hurrying  through  the  company  streets 
and  turning  out  the  men,  lights  flitting  here  and  there  through  the  camp,  and  a 
general  sense  of  vague  alarm  and  apprehension  pervading.  Two  Pennsylvania 
l)rigades  and  the  Sixth  Connecticut,  Colonel  Meigs,  marched  at  once,  and  the 
rest  of  the  army  was  held  ready  to  follow.  The  news  of  Arnold's  defection 
created  intense  excitement,  and  Greene  issued  an  address  to  the  army : 

Treason  of  the  blackest  dye  was  yesterday  di.scovered.  General  Arnold,  who 
coinnianded  at  West  Point,  lost  to  every  sense  of  honor,  of  private  and  public  obligation, 
was  alx)ut  to  deliver  up  that  imiwrtant  post  into  tlie  hands  of  the  enemy.  Such  an  event 
nuist  have  given  the  American  cau.se  a  dangerous,  if  not  a  fatal  wound  ;  but  the  treason 
has  Ijeen  timely  discovered,  to  prevent  the  fatal  misfortune.  The  providential  train  of 
circumstances  which  led  to  it,  affords  the  most  convincing  proof  that  the  lilierties  of 
America  are  the  object  of  Divine  protection.  At  the  same  time  that  the  treason  is  to  be 
regretted,  the  general  cannot  help  congratulating  the  army  on  the  happy  discovery.  Our 
enemies,  de.spairing  of  carrying  their  jwint  by  force,  are  practising  every  base  art,  to  effect 
by  bribery  and  corruption  what  they  cannot  accomplish  in  a  manly  way.  Great  honor  is 
due  to  the  American  army  that  this  is  the  first  instance  of  treason  of  the  kind,  where 
many  were  to  have  Ix^en  expected  from  the  nature  of  the  dispute.  The  brightest  ornament 
in  the  character  of  the  American  soldiers  is  their  having  been  proof  again.st  all  the  arts  and 
seductions  of  an  insidious  enemy.  Aniold  has  made  his  escape  to  the  enemy,  but  Major 
Andre,  the  Adjutant  General  in  the  British  Army,  who  came  out  as  a  .spy,  is  our  prisoner. 
His  Kxcellency  the  Commander  in  Chief  has  arrived  at  West  Point  from  Hartford, 
and  is  no  doubt  taking  projier  measures  to  unravel  fully  so  hellish  a  plott. 
By  Greene's  order,  the  address  was  read  by  the  adjutants  to  their  respective 
regiments." 

Arnold's  letter  from  the  Vulture  was  soon  followed  by  one  from  Robinson, - 
and    was   followed   in    its   turn    by  one   from   Clinton   himself.''      To    Robinson, 

I  Tliu  civil  authoritie.s  also  took  cogiiizaiicc  of  the  fortunate  escape.     Governor  Clinton  issued  a  proclamation, 
setting  apart  Noveml)er  second  as  a  day  of  thanksf^iviiit;,  ;iiul  the  occasion  was  universally  observed. 

'  Vulliirc,  off  Sinsink,  September  25,  1780. 

Sir, — I  am  this  moment  informed  that  Major  Andr^,  Adjutant  General  of  his  Majesty's  army  in 
America,  is  detained  ;is  a  prisoner  by  the  army  under  your  connnand.  It  is  therefore  incumbent  on  me  to 
inform  you  of  the  manner  of  his  falling  into  your  hands.  He  went  up  with  a  flag  at  the  request  of  General 
.•\rnold,  on  public  business  with  him,  and  had  his  permit  to  return  by  land  to  New  York.  Under  lhe.se 
circumstances  Major  Andre  camiot  be  detained  by  you  without  the  greatest  violation  of  flags,  and  contrary 
to  the  custom  and  usage  of  all  nations  ;  and  as  I  imagine  you  will  see  this  matter  in  the  same  point  of  view 
that  I  do,  I  must  desire  vou  will  order  him  to  be  set  at  liberty  anil  allowed  to  return  immediately.  ICvery 
step  Major  Andrd  took  was  by  the  advice  and  direction  of  General  Arnold,  even  that  of  taking  a  feigned 
name,  and  of  course  not  liable  to  censure  for  it.     I  am,  Sir,  not  forgetting  our  former  acquaintance. 

Your  very  hiunble  servant, 

Bev.  Rodinson,  Col.  I.oyaI  Americans. 
His  Excellency  General  Washington.  •'  Letter  of  H.  Clinton,  page  47. 


r 


■/ 


'^4. 


/iV^  /"t^'w 


u  U  t;-    ^(^>  57--*<^-- 


-•*•-#/;  >x>y,w  -u^J^^r^^'^'/t'-'^^;!^^!- 


■~r 


/ 


/*'-,. 


^^y-. 


fy.f,/'r^!kS^J^y'Cr'^\ 


1*-  - 


♦^  '^^^^^^^^^ 


■■  lifii. 


-^ 


5     'fr^i^A^  /A^, 


Letter  from   Washington  to  Colonel   Nathaniel  Wade  as  to  provisioning  the  forts  at  West  I'oiiit,  then  under 

Wade's  connnand. 

(From  theoriRinal  in  the  i>osses.si(>n  of  I'rancis  H.  Wa()e.  Ks(i,,  Ipswich,  Mass.) 


47 

Washington  vouchsafed  no  answer,  but  the  replj'  to  Clinton  was  written  on  the 
tliirtieth.  It  will  be  found  on  page  63.  The  enclosure  of  which  Clinton  speaks 
was  a  letter  from  Arnold' — a  good  specimen  of  effrontery  and  special  pleading. 

While  the  Tappan  camp  was  thus  rudely  awakened,  Smith,  who  but  a  day 
before  had  been  received  in  Washington's  company,  was  now  to  meet  him  under 
very  different  circumstances.  On  Monday  at  midnight.  Colonel  Jean  Baptistc 
Gouvion,  Rochambeau's  chief  of  artillery,  came  with  a  platoon  of  soldiers  to 
Colonel  Hay's  house  at  Fishkill,  where  Smith  was  asleep  with  his  wife.  Sur- 
rounding the  house  with  his  men,  he  burst  open  the  bedroom  door,  arrested 
Smith,  and,  refusing  to  allow  his  servant  to  procure  his  horse  for  him,  marched 
him  on  foot  eighteen  miles  to  the  Robinson  House."  Here  the  weary  and  angr}' 
man  was  confronted  with  one  who^  could  also  be  terriblj'  angry  on  the  rare 
occasions  when  he  did  give  way  to  indignation.  The  news  of  discovery  was 
thundered  in  his  ears,  and  he  was  threatened  with  hanging  from  the  same  tree 
with  Andre,''  as  soon  as  the  latter  should  have  arrived  under  guard.* 

To  return  to  South  Salem,  while  Greene's  men  are  hastening  to  West 
Point,  and  Smith  is  at  headquarters :  About  midnight  of  Monday,  a  messenger 
arrived  from  Washington,  with  this  order  to  Jameson  : 


■'  New  York,  Sept.  26,  1780. 

Sir, — Being  informed  that  the  King's  Adjutant  General  in  America  has  t)ecn  st'  jit  under  Major 
C'.eneral  .Xrnold's  passpurts,  and  is  detained  a  prisoner  in  your  Excellency's  army,  I  have  the  honor  to 
inform  you,  Sir,  that  I  permitted  Major  Andre  to  go  to  M.iior  (ieneral  Arnold  at  the  particular  recpiest  of 
that  general  oiBcer.  You  will  perceive,  .Sir,  hy  the  enclosed  paper,  that  a  (lag  of  truce  w.is  sent  to  receive 
Major  Aiidrd,  and  passports  granted  for  his  return.  I  therefore  can  have  no  douht  hut  your  Ivxcellency 
will  imme<liately  direct  that  this  olTicer  has  permiss'ion  to  return  to  my  orders  at  New  York. 
I  have  the  honor  to  Ik>  Your  Kxcellency's  most  ohedient  ami  most  humhle  servant, 

H.  Clinton. 
His  Excellency 

General  Washington. 

1  New  York, 

September  j6,  1780. 

Sir, — In  answer  to  your  Excellency's  message  respecting  your  Adjutant  (General,  Major  Andr(5,  and 
desiring  my  i<lea  of  the  reasons  why  he  is  detaine<l,  being  uncler  my  passports,  I  have  the  honor  to  inform 
you.  Sir,  that  I  apprehend  a  few  hours  nmst  return  Major  Andrd  to  your  Excellency's  orders,  as  that  olTicer 
IS  assuredly  un<ler  the  protection  of  a  flag  of  truce  sent  by  me  to  him,  for  the  purpo.se  of  a  convers;ition 
which  I  retjuested  to  hohl  with  him  relating  to  myjelf,  and  which  I  wishe<l  to  comnmnicate  through  that 
officer  to  your  Excellency. 

I  commanded  at  the  time  at  West  Point,  had  an  undoubte<l  right  to  send  my  flag  of  truce  for  Major 
Andr^,  who  came  to  me  under  that  protection,  and  having  held  my  conversation  with  him,  I  delivered  to 
him  confidential  papers  in  my  own  handwriting,  to  deliver  to  your  Excellency  ;  thinking  it  much  ])roperer 
he  should  return  by  land,  I  directeil  him  to  make  use  of  the  feigneil  name  of  John  Anderson,  under  which 
he  had  by  my  direction  come  on  shore,  and  gave  him  passixjrts  to  go  to  the  White  Plains  on  his  way  to 
New  York.  This  officer  cannot  therefore  fail  of  being  immediately  sent  to  New  York,  as  he  was  invited  ton 
conversation  with  me,  for  which  I  sent  him  a  ila'};  of  truce,  and  finally  gave  him  jxissports  for  his  s!ife 
return  to  your  Excellency  ;  all  of  which  I  had  a  right  to  do,  being  in  the  actual  service  of  America,  under 
the  orders  of  General  Washington,  and  commanding  general  at  West  Point  and  its  de]>endcncies. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be  Your  Excellency's  mo.st  ol)e<lient  and  very  humhle  servant, 

B.  Arnold. 
His  Excellency 

Sir  Henry  Clinton. 

2  Smith's  Narrative.     He  says  Colonel  Hay  accompanied  him  —  protrably  not  on  foot. 

•I  SmiUi. 

^  Smith's  own  account  —  but   I  .see  no  great  reason  for  doubting  its  accuracy.     Washington,  or  any  one  else, 
under  similar  circumstances  could  not  be  expected  to  mince  matters. 


48 

Headquarters, 
Robinson  Hoiist,  7  ]).  ni., 

25tli  Scpteiiitx;r,  1780. 
Sir, — I  wish  every  precaution  and  attention  to  Ix;  jKiid  to  prevent  Major  Andrd  from 
innkitiK  lus  cscaiK;.     He  will  without  dotiht  make  it  if  possible  ;  and  in  order  that  lie  may 
not   have  it  in   his  ]X}wer,   yon  will  send  him  under  care  of  such  a  party  and  so  many 
officers  as  to  protect  him  from  the  least  opportunity  of  doiuR  it. 

That  he  may  l>e  less  liable  to  l>e  recaptured  by  the  enemy,  who  will  no  doubt  make 
every  effort  to  regain  him,  he  had  lx.'tter  Ix;  conducted  to  this  place  by  some  upjx;r  road, 
rather  than  by  the  route  of  Crompond.  I  would  not  wish  Andrei-  to  Ix;  treated  with  insult  ; 
but  he  d(X's  not  apjK-ar  to  stand  upon  the  footing  of  a  conunon  prisoner  of  war  ;  and 
therefore  he  is  not  entitled  to  the  usual  indulgence  which  they  receive,  and  is  to  Ix;  most 
closely  and  narrowly  watched.     ****** 

The  escort,  consisting  of  one  luindred  dragoons,'  under  four  officers,  was 
soon    ready,   and    started    in    a    pouring   rain."     The   officers   were    Talhnadge, 

Captains  Hoogland'  and  Rogers  and  Lieuten- 
ant King.  From  South  Salem  the  route  was 
nortli  and  west  over  Long  Pond  Mountain, 
west  of  Lake  Waccabuc  to  the  church  at 
North  Salem.  Just  before  this  was  reached 
the  squadron  was  met  by  a  courier  from 
Washington,  bearing  an  order  for  a  change  of  route  for  fear  of  the  enemy*  on  the 
present  one.  The  new  way  led  them  past  the  premises  occupied  in  1889  by  Isaac 
II.  Purdy,  thence  to  Croton  Falls  and  by  the  "old  road"  to  Lake  Mahopac'^'  and 
the   Red  Mills"  —  now  Mahopac   Falls — in  Putnam  County. 

At  the  mill   a  short  halt  was  made,  and  the  prisoner  was  taken   into  the 
house  of  Major  James  Cox,  of  the  Ordnance  Department  of  the  army.     In  later 

I  Smitli. 

•i  (".[line's  weather  prediction  —  see  p.iKe  6  —  was  fulfilled  that  night.  As  there  was  no  moon  the  night  nuist 
have  been  of  inky  blackness,  and  the  journey  intensely  depressing. 

»  Jeronimus  (Jerome)  Hoogland,  of  Flushing,  New  York,  was  born  in  1757.  He  was  Lieutenant  and  Adjutant 
of  Colonel  John  Lasher's  First  New  York  Minute  Men,  or  Volunteer  Infantry,  in  1776,  was  promoted 
to  Captain  in  it,  captured  at  the  t)attle  of  Long  Island  and  imprisoned  in  one  of  the  prison  ships.  He 
appears  as  Adjutant  of  Sheldon's  in  1777,  was  a  Captain  in  1779,  and  served  as  such  through  the  war, 
dying  in  Lansinglmrgh,  N.  Y.,  179 — . 
"  The  history  of  poor  Hoogland,  his  self-sacrificing,  devoted  patriotism  and  ill-re(juited  services,  had  many  a 
jmrallel  in  the  lives  of  the  officers  of  the  Revolution.  When  I  first  knew  him,  in  1774,  he  was  a  hand- 
some, high-spirited,  facetious  youth  of  eighteen.  Three  years  after,  I  met  him,  a  sun-tnirnt  veteran,  who 
had  already  .seen  much  hard  service.  In  17SK,  fourteen  years  after,  I  again  saw  him,  in  Lan.singburgli. 
He  was  then,  although  young  in  years,  old  in  .surfering.  He  appeared  like  an  old  man,  hobbling  on 
crutches.  Thus  he  lingered  a  few  years  longer,  and  sunk  into  a  premature  grave,  a  martyr  in  the  cause  of 
l,il>erty.  l'o.sterity  can  never  e.stimate  the  sacrifices  and  sufferings  of  the  patriots  of  the  Revolution." — 
Men  and  Times  0/  the  A'evotiilion  (Memoirs  of  Klk.-iiiah  Watson),  by  Winslow  C.  Watson,  N.  Y.,  1856. 
His  companion  was  probably  Jedediah  Rogers,  of  Norwalk.  He  was  Lieutenant  in  177H,  but  no  record 
of  his  promotion  is  discoverable. 

*  This  was  probably  the  same  l>and  of  Cowboys  against  whom  Hoyd  had  warned  Smith,  who  had  driven  off  the 
I'nderliill  cows  at  Yorktowii,  and  killed  Pelham  in  Pouiul  Ridge,  and  of  whom  Jameson  had  been  apjjre- 
liensive.  Tliey  had  apparently  lieen  four  days  at  least  —  Friday  to  Monday  night  —  within  the  Neutral 
Ground. 

'•  Oykman. 

«  So  called  from  the  color  of  the  building.  The  land  on  which  the  mill  stood  was  taken  by  the  City  of  New- 
York  a  few  years  ago  and  the  mUl  was  torn  down.    The  illustration  has  never  before  t)een  engraved. 


The  Red  Mills,  Mahopac  Falls. 

(Destroyed  by  fire  1H96.) 


Thk  (^UKi.i.-JoHNsoN  HorsK,  Mahoi'AC  Falls. 


49 


The  Captors'  Mkhai,. 


years  it  was  known  as  the  Odcll  or  Johnson  house.  It  met  the  fate  of  most  old 
frame  buildings,  in  being  destroyed  by  fire,  in  1896.  Wliile  Andre  was  inside, 
two  sentries  were  posted  at  each  door  and  window.'  Phoebe,  the  infant  daughter 
of  the  Major,  was  asleep  in  her  cradle,  but  awoke  on  Andre's  entrance.  He 
looked  at  the  baby  and  said, 
"Happy  childhood  —  we  know  its 
pleasures  but  once.  I  wish  I  were 
as  innocent  as  you."-  He  also 
sur\'eyed  himself  in  a  mirror, 
and  noticing  a  hole  or  rij),  under 
one  r  mi  of  his  coat,  smiled  and 
said :  I  presume  General  Wash- 
ington will  give  me  a  new  coat." 
Like  the  house,  the  Mills  are 
now  but  a  memory.  I  am  fortu- 
nately able  to  give  a  view  of 
them,'  showing  the  building  essen- 
tially as  in  1 780. 

Resuming  its  march  after  a  short  halt,  the  squadron  passed  through  Shrub 
Oak  Plains,  over  Gray's  Hill  to  St.  Peter's  Church  —  not  far  from  the  place 
whence  Allen  had  been  recalled  by  Jameson's  order,  the  preceding  Saturday.  The 
church  is  still  standing,  and  in  good  condition,  though  seldom  used.  It  is  a 
frame  building,  plain  to  ugliness,  with  nothing  in  its  exterior  to  indicate  its 
character.  (Beverly  Robinson  was  one  of  its  wardens  in  1780.)  Built  in  1767,  it 
is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  State.  Near  it,  in  front,  is  the  marble  monument  to 
Paulding.''  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  the  road  forks,  one  branch  south  to  Peekskill, 
the  other  northwest  over  Gallows  Hill,  past  Continental  Village,  to  the  present 
village  of  Garrison's. 

I  The  statement  that  he  spent  the  night  here  is  clearly  absurd  —  on  a  par  with  the  story  that  on  the  way  from 
Sands'  Mills  to  South  Salem  Tallmadge  tied  him  to  a  tree,  at  nifjhl,  to  prevent  his  escape  !     Such  arc  some 
instances  of  the  chaff  the  historian  has  to  sift  out  to  get  the  real  facts. 
^  Uhtory  of  Ptitnam  County,  by  Wni.  J.  Illake,  1849.     As  this  l)ook  also  prints  a  spurious  "  Defence,"  .itlributcd 

ta  Andrd,  this  item  may  be  taken  with  reservation,  as  also  that  n)K)Ut  the  coat, 
3  I  am  indebted  for  this  to  Mr.  Charles  L.  Austin,  of  Mahopac  Falls. 
<  The  inscriptions  are : 

North  .side. — Here  rc]>ose  the  mortal  remains  of  John  1'aui.ding,  who  died  on  the  i8th  day  of 
February    1S18,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age. 

South. — The  Corporation  of  the  City  of  New  York  erected  this  tomb  as  a  memorial  sacred  to  public 
gratitude. 

West. — On  the  morning  of  the  23d  of  September,  17.S0,  accompanied  by  two  young  fanners  of  the 
County  of  Westchester  (whose  names  will  one  day  be  recorded  on  their  own  deserved  monuments),  he 
intercepted  the  British  spy,  Andr(5. 

Poor  himself,  he  disdained  to  acquire  wealth  by  the  sacrifice  of  his  country.  Rejecting  the 
temptation  of  great  rewards,  he  conveyed  his  prisoner  to  the  American  camp  ;  and  by  this  act  of  nol)1e 
self-denial  the  treason  of  Arnold  was  detected  ;  the  designs  of  the  Enemy  baflled,  \Ve.st  Point  and  the 
American  Army  saved  ;  and  these  ITnited  Slates,  now  !)y  the  grace  of  Ood  Free  and  Independent,  rescued 
from  most  imminent  peril. 

On  the  East  side  is  a  representation  of  the  medal  presented  by  Congress  to  each  of  the  three  captors. 
Viin  Wart's  monument  in  the  cemetery  of  the  old  Presbyterian  church,  at  I'",lnisf<)rd,  in  the  town  (jf  Green- 
burgh,  is  similar.     In  1876  a  monument  was  erected  to  Williams  at  Old  I'ort,  Scholiarie  County. 


so 

In  the  triangle  tlnis  formed  stands  the  dwelling  known  as  the  Hollniaii 
house  (the  name  of  its  1780  oecnpant  being  nnknown).  It  is  shaded  by  huge 
trees,  seemingly  old  enough  to  have  witnessed  the  scenes  we  are  considering. 

The  squadron  here  made  a  second  halt,  and  Andre  entered  the  right-hand 
room,  according  to  tradition.  The  house  is  said  to  date  from  1750,  that  is,  the 
right-hand  part,  which,  as  shown,  is  clearly  the  original  building.  Just  across 
the  road  is  the  brick  dwelling  known  as  the  Van  Cortland  mansion  house,  built  in 
1773,  and  which  Washington  occupied  for  a  brief  period  in  1777.  Here  occurred 
tlio  incident  of  Smith  and  Webb's  valise.'  The  halt  was  probably  brief,  and  the 
stpKulron  went  on  again  by  the  road  over  Gallows  Hill,  where  Putnam  hanged 
Ivdniund  Palmer,  the  sp}',  in  1777,  to  Continental  Village,  over  another  hill  to 
tlic  old  Gay  place,  down  Iron  Rock  Hill  to  the  i^atc  near  the  old  Nelson  place'' 
(then  known  as  Maiuleville's),  turned  into  and  down  Beverly  Lane  to  the 
Robin.son  House,^  arriving  just  at  dawn  of  Tuesday,  the  twenty-sixth. 

'  St't'  paj^e  14. 

John  Webb,  younjier  Ijrotlier  of  Samuel  B.  Webb,  was  born  at  WeUiersfield,  Conn.,  I'ebruary  iS   ij^i)  and 

died  .Ajiril  kS,  I.S2K. 
He  was  I.ienlenant  in  tho  Second  Drafjoons  — Slieldon's  —  in  January,  i777,  and  Captain  a  j-ear  later.  lie  was 
jmsent  at  the  battle  of  Springlielil,  N.  J.  (i/fio),  as  Aid  to  Ck-neral  CFreene.  In  17S1  lie  was  Aid  aiul 
Secretary  to  General  Robert  Howe,  lie  served  tlirouj;liout  tile  Revolution,  and  was  one  of  the  original 
uicnibers  of  the  Cincinnati,  .\fter  the  war  he  reniove<l  to  Geor>;ia,  where  he  en,i;aj;ed  in  business  in 
Cauiilen  County,  where  he  became  Colonel  of  the  militia.  Returning  to  Connecticut  he  .spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  there.  In  a  letter  to  one  of  his  sons,  he  says:  "I  got  the  rheumatism  for  my  seven 
years'  .service  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  that  is  all  I  got !  " 
I'or  the  portrait.  an<l  the.se  pjirticnlars  (^f  his  life,  I  am  indebted  to  his  great-grandson,  Henry  Randall  Webb, 
I')s<|.,  of  W,'..shington. 

2  darrisou's  was  ihen  called  Ni'l-^'ni's  I'oint.      1  (|UOte  Judge  Dykman's  words. 

»  This  iutere.sting  Suild'.ig  was  burnt  in  i.Sgj,  and  many  valuable  relics  with  it.  h'or  my  two  illustrations  I  am 
indebteil  to  Mr.  II.  A.  Wright,  of  Springfield.  Mass.  They  are  taken  from  probably  the  last  photographs 
made  of  it. 


St.  Pktkr's  Church,  North  Pkekskill. 

Huilt   1767. 


■J: 


y. 


o 
X 


o 


s 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Robinson   House  to  Tappan — Suspense. 

Uncertainty  ! 

Fell  (lemon  of  our  fears !     The  human  soul, 

That  can  sujiport  despair,  supports  not  thee.— Mai.i.kt.— /)/Hi/«/>/ia. 

.■■<:,^s^.         'T^HE    historic  dwelling  in    which    Arnold  had  had   his  hcad- 

.■^^^'■^^\  I        quarters  since  August,  when  he  assumed  coniiiiand  of  the 

f  '  '^^  V  West  Point  district,  was  built  about  1750,  and  was  one  of 

\^  the  landmarks  of  the  region.     It  stood  on  the  east  bank  of  the 

'^^^^^~^^''^^'        Hudson,  one-quarter  of  a  mile  from  the   water's  edge,   and   two 

oFFicrR^'BUTTON,       uules  bclow  aud  southeast  of  West  Point  itself.     Its  builder  and 

»''"'" """'""""'"'T.*  occuparrt  until  i;i'76  fvas  Beverly  -Robinson,   a  man  of  note  and 

wealth,  and  Washington's  personal  friend  until  the   Revolution  separated  them. 

He  removed  to  New  York  and  raised  a  regiment,  known  as  the  "  Loyal  Americans," 

for  the   British  cause.     The   confiscation  of  his  property  followed,  and  was  the 

prime   cause  of   the  correspondence  with  Arnold  which   has  been  noted.     By  a 

singular  and  sinister   coincidence   his   regiment  formed   part  of  Arnold's   force, 

almost  exactly  a  year  later,  when  the  traitor  captured  Fort  Griswold,  butchered 

many  of  its  garrison,  aud  burnt  New  London.     Robinson  left  for  England  with 

the  British  at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  never  returned.* 

After  his  long  night  ride  of  thirty  miles,  added  to  the  fatiguing  experiences 

of  the  two  preceding  days,  Andre  must  have  been   thoroughly  wearied,  besides 

being  probably  wet  from  the  heavy  rain.     Though  Smith  was  also  in  the  house, 

they  did  not  meet.     There  is  some  variance  between  the  different  accounts  as  to 

the  events   of  Tuesday,  but  most  agree  that— at  least  until   evening  — the  day 

passed  quietly  for  both  the  prisoners.     It  v/as  douljtless  a  welcome  rest  for  each 

of  them.     That  day  Washington  notified  Congress  of  the  events  of  the  preceding 

four  days,  in  this  characteristic  despatch  : 

Robinson'. s  House,  in  the 

Highlands,  vScptember  26. 

To  the  President  of  Congress  : 

Sir,— I  have  the  honor  to  inform  Congress  that  I  arrived  here  yesterday  at  about 
twelve  o'clock  on  my  return  from  Hartford.  Some  hours  i)re\'ious  to  my  arrival  General 
Arnold  went  from  his  quarters,  which  were  this  place,  and,  as  it  was  supposed,  over  Uie 

1  It  is  believed  Robinson  knew  of  Arnold'Tpl^n  even  before  Clinton  did.  He  had,  about  the  15th  September, 
wrltteuTo  Arnold,  enclosiuK  a  letter  for  I'l.lna.n,  about  his  estate,  and  the  traitor  sent  the  letter  we  have 
already  noticed  on  page  5  to  the  t'littiirr  openly,  under  a  flag  of  truce.— /-o,?j;h,?-. 


riviT  to  tile  >?arrison  at  Wist  Point,  whitlicr  I  proceeded  myself,  in  order  to  visit  the  post. 
I  found  General  Arnold  had  not  lieen  there  during  the  day,  and  on  my  return  to  his 
quarters  he  was  still  absent.  In  the  meantime  a  packet  had  arrived  froui  Lieut.  Col. 
Jameson,  annoinicin>{  the  capture  of  a  John  Anderson  who  was  endeavoring  to  go  to  New 
York  with  several  interesting  and  imiwrtant  papers,  all  in  the  handwriting  of  General 
Arnold.  This  was  also  accompanied  with  a  letter  from  the  pri.soner,  avowing  hini.self  to  \>e 
Major  John  Andre,  Adjutant  to  the  British  army,  relating  the  manner  of  his  capture,  and 
endeavoring  to  show  that  he  did  not  come  under  the  description  of  a  spy.  From  these 
several  circuni.stances,  and  inforination  that  the  General  .seemed  to  be  thrown  into  .some 
degree  of  agitation,  on  receiving  a  letter  a  little  time  before  he  went  from  his  quarters,  I 
was  led  to  conclude  innnediately  that  he  had  heard  of  Major  Andre's  captivity,  and  that  he 
would,  if  |x>ssible,  escajx;  to  the  enemy,  and  accordingly  took  such  measures  as  appeared 
the  most  probable  to  apprehend  him.  But  he  had  embarked  in  a  barge  and  proceeded 
down  the  river,  under  a  flag,  to  the  I'lilliirc  ship  of  war,  which  lay  at  some  miles  lielow 
Stony  and  Verplank's  Points.  He  wrote  me  a  letter  after  he  got  on  board.  Major  Andr6 
is  not  arrived  yet,  but  I  hoix:  he  is  .secure,  and  that  he  will  be  here  to-day. 

I  have  iK'cn  and  am  taking  jirecautions  which  I  trust  will  prove  effectual,  to  prevent 
the  imix)rtant  consequences  which  this  conduct  on  the  part  of  General  Arnold  was  intended 
to  protluce.  I  do  not  know  the  party  that  look^  Major  Andr^,  but  it  is  .said  thai  it 
consisted  only  of  a  few  militia,  who  acted  in  such  a  manner  uiwn  the  occasion,  as  does 
them  the  highest  honor,  and  proves  t  lem  to  be  men  of  great  virtue.  As  soon  as  I  know 
their  names,  I  shall  take  pleasure  i'i  tran.smitting  them  to  Congress.  I  have  taken  such 
measures  with  respect  to  the  gentlemen  of  General  Arnold's  family,'  as  prudence  dictated  ; 
but,  from  everything  that  has  hitherto  come  to  my  knowledge,  I  have  the  greatest  rea.son 
to  Ix'lieve  they  are  perfectly  innocent.  I  early  secured  Jo.shua  H.  Smith,  the  jx^rson 
mentioned  in  the  clo.se  of  General  Arnold's  letter,  and  find  him  to  have  had  considerable 
share  in  this  busine.ss. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  etc. , 

Though  Washington  and  hi.s  staff  were  occupying  the  Robinson  House, 
the  Chief  avoided  seeing  Andre/  By  Wednesday  morning,  the  twenty-seventh, 
the  /  'ul/un\  with  Arnold  aboard,  had  reached  New  York,  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
knew  of  the  complete  failure  of  his  plans  and  the  capture  of  his  favorite.  The 
same  day,  Jameson  wrote  to  Washington  a  regretful  letter,''  in  which  it  is  not 
hard  to  recognize  the  self-reproach  of  an  honorable  man  who  finds  he  has  made  an 
extraordinary  error : 

Sept.  27. 

*  *  *  I  am  very  .sorry  that  I  wrote   to  General  Arnold.     I   did  not  think  of  a 

liritish  ship  being  up  the  river,  and  expected  that,  if  he  was  the  man  he  has  since  turned 

out  to  Ix!,  he  would  come  down  to  the  troops  in  this  quarter,  in  which  ca.sc  I  should  have 

secured  him. 

In  the  evening  of  Tuesday  Andre  and  Smith  met,  as  they  were  escorted  to 

a  boat  which  was  to  take  them  to  West  Point.     Smith  says  he  himself  was  tinder 

'  Colonel  Vnrick  .nnil  M.ijor  Praiik.s.     Both  were  put  under  arrest,  and  on  November  2d  tried  by  court  martial. 
Hoth  were  accjuitted  of  complicity  with  Arnold,  or  knowledge  of  his  plans. 

-  It  is  a  singular  fact,  for  which  Tallma<lge  is  authority,  that  he  never  saw  him  at  all,  living  or  dead. 

■■'  Tl'is  was  taken  to  WashiiiRtou  by  Paulding. 


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53 

charge  of  "  Captain   Sheppard,'"  of   the   New  Jersey  Contineutals.     Tallniadge 
refused  to  allow  any  communication  between  the  prisoners. 

Though  all  Wednesday  was  spent  at  West  Point,  no  authority  has 
heretofore  decided  the  place  of  Andre's  confinement.  I  am  now  able  to  state 
positively  that  it  was  Fort  Putnam.'  The  officer  in  charge  of  him  was  the  same 
whom  we  shall  meet  later  at  Tappan  —  Captain  Ebenezer  Smith,  Thirteenth 
Massachusetts  —  and  the  statement  was  made  by  him  to  his  son,  David  —  himself 
a  patriot  soldier  the  last  year  of  the  war  —  (who  lived  to  the  age  of  ninety-six, 
dying  in  1862)  and  whose  grandson,  Dr.  H.  Lyle 
Smith,  of  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  is  mj  informant,  he  having 
received  the  details  from  David. 

This  explains  how  Andre  was  able,  the  next 
day,  to  minutely  describe  to  Tallniadge,  as  the  boat  left 
West  Point  (or  possibly  Beverly  Dock),  how  he  had 
expected  to  ascend  the  steep  height  "  at  the  head  of  a 
body  of  picked  troops." — (Tallmadge's  Memoirs.) 

Smith  says  he  himself  was  imprisoned  in  the 
provost-marshal's  hut,  and  was  there  visited  by  the 
"  Rev.  Mr.  Mason,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  of  New 
York."» 

That   day   Washington    thus  wrote   to  Greene,  fc^/^  e^a^a-o^ 

at  Tappan  : 

I  have  concluded  to  send  to  camp  to-morrow  Major  Andre,  of  the  British  army,  and 
Mr.  Joshua  H.  Smith,  who  has  had  a  great  hand  in  carrying  on  the  business  between  him 
and  Arnold.  They  will  Ix;  under  an  escort  of  horse,  and  I  wish  you  to  have  separate 
iiouses  in  camp  ready  for  their  reception,  in  which  they  may  be  kept  ]K'rfectly  secure  ;  and 
al.so  strong,  trusty  guards,  trebly  officered,  that  a  part  may  l)e  constantly  in  the  room  with 
them.  They  have  not  lx;en  permitted  to  1)e  together,  and  mu.st  Ix;  still  kept  apart.  I 
would  wish  the  room  for  Mr.  Andr6  to  l)e  a  decent  one,  and  that  he  may  Ix;  treated  with 
civility,  but  that  he  may  tie  so  guarded  as  to  preclude  a  possibility  of  his  escaping,  which 
he  will  certainly  attempt  to  effect,  if  it  shall  seem  practicable  in  the  mo.st  distant  degree. 
Smith  must  also  be  carefully  .secured  and  not  treated  with  a.sperity. 


'  This  was  First  Lieutenant  Samuel  Shippard,  of  the  Tir.st  New  Jersey  (Colonel  Dayton).     I  regret  not  beinfj 
able  to  secure  any  detailed  information  about  him. 

2  1  am  indebted  to  Judge  J.  O.  Dykman  for  a  very  interesting  letter  addressed  to  him  in  i887  by  the  late  William 
D.  Garrison,  of  the  Grand  Union  Hotel,  New  York.  The  writer  says:  "I  well  remember  the  cell 
(casemate)  in  Port  Putnam,  on  the  arch  of  which  appeared  Andrd's  name.  It  was  the  northerly  cell 
looking  east,  and  had  an  inside  dark  cell.  The  larger  (outside)  cell  had  a  fireplace,  and  a  grated  opening 
looking  east.  On  the  north  side  of  this  cell  (on  the  arch  or  roof)  was,  in  letters  nearly  tliree  feet  high, 
done  with  a  burnt  stick  or  charcoal.  Major  Andre.  The  lime  had  struck  through  from  the  mortar,  so  as 
to  cover  the  inscription,  and  it  would  not  have  been  seen  unless  attention  were  drawn  to  it.  This  was 
prior  to  1858  or  '59,  when  the  cell  was  demolished  to  build  a  battery  on  North  Dock." 
(Mr.  Garrison  was  a  native  of  the  village  of  Garrison's,  oppo.sitc  West  Point,  and  entirely  familiar  with  the 
scenes  of  West  Point  it.self.  Yet.  since  receipt  of  the  letter,  I  have  had  an  interview  with  Colonel  P.  S. 
Michie,  the  veteran  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  West  Point,  who  says  none  of  the  casemates  have  ever 
been  destroyed.     Mr.  Garrison  may  have  stated  this  particular  point  from  hearsay. ) 

3  This  was  Rev.  John  Mason,  page  54. 


54 

Accordingly,  on  the  morning  of  Thnrsday,  the  twenty -eighth,  both 
prisoners  were  taken  by  boat  to  Stony  Point  —  the  King's  Ferry  lauding.  They 
were  in  separate  boats,  and  Major  Tallmadge  commanded  the  party. 

The  sight  of  the  place  where  he  had  crossed  as  a  free  man,  only  the 
previous  Friday,  must  have  caused  Andre  the  most  painful  reflections,  intensified 
by  the  conversation  while  in  the  boat,  which  Tallmadge  records.  On  the  way 
down  Andre  had  pointed  out  the  precise  spot  where  he  was  to  have  landed,  at  the 
head  of  a  body  of  picked  troops,  if  all  had  gone  well  with  the  conspiracy.'  In  the 
ensuing  conversation  he  pressed  Tallmadge  for  an  opinion  as  to  his  fate.  The 
latter  at  first  avoided  a  direct  reply,  but  finally  referred  to  the  fate  of  Nathan 
Hale,  who  had  been  his  classmate  at  Yale  College.  "  But  you  surely  do  not 
consider  his  case  and  mine  alike?"  "  Yes,  precisely  similar,  and  similar  will  be 
your  fate,"  prophetically  replied  Tallmadge — and  the  solemn  warning  bad  its 
natural  eflfect  on  the  spirits  of  his  companion,  though  he  seems  not  to  have  fully 
believed  it,  for  Tallmadge  has  left  on  record :  "  I  never  discovered  an}'  fear 
respecting  his  future  destiu}'  before  I  reached  Tappan." 

Crossing  the  road  from  Grassy  Point,  near  what  is  now  the  Stony  Point 
post-office,-  the  dragoon  escort,''  with  Smith  in  the  van  and  Andre  in  the  rear, 
passed  by  vSmith's  house^  to  the  next  corner.  Thence  by  the  right-hand  road, 
through  or  near  what  is  now  Garnerville,  then  a  southwest  course  around  Long 
Clove  mountain  to  a  point  called  the  Clove,  but  originally  known  as  Kakiat,  and 
now  as  Hempstead,'*  at  the  house  (or  tavern)   of  John  Coe.'     It  stands  opposite 


•I  This  W.-IS  Rev.  John  nason,  D.  D.,  the  first  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Cedar  Street,  New  York, 

afterward  known  as  the  .Scotch  Church,  and  now  situated  far  uptown. 
Ho  was  I)orn  in  Scotland  in  I7J4,  and  died  in  New  York  in  1792.  but  the  New  Jersey  records  show  that  he  was 

aijjwinted  to  the  army  from  that  State.     He  was  a  trustee  of  Princeton  College,  and  many  years  chaplain  of 

the  ,St.  Andrew's  Society  of  New  York. 
He  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  Third  (Gansevoorl's)  New  York  Continentals,  November  21,  1776,  and  later 

was  made  chaplain  to  the  posts  alonj;  the  Hudson.     West  Point  seems  to  have  been  his  residence  in  1780. 

He  was  adverse  to  having  his  portrait  taken,  and  the  only  one  known  to  exist,  from  which  that  on  page  53 

is  made,  was  marie  by  Kosciuszko  while  the  Doctor  w.is  at  a  public  dinner.     ( It  will  be  seen  he  holds 

a  glass  in  one  hand.)     It  has  never  before  been  published,  and  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Mason  Knox,  of 

New  York,  for  its  use. 
Smith  speaks  of  the  Doctor  as  "that  truly  good  old  man,"  and  adds  that  he  himself  was  visited  that  day  by 

many  inquisitive  people,  and  that  M.'ijor  T.illmadgc  displ.ayed  uncommon  kindness  in  his  treatment  of  him. 

'  .Some  historians  have  queried  as  to  what  .Vndre  did  during  the  tir.e  he  was  at  Smith's  —  between  breakfast  and 
dinner,  or  dinner  and  the  lime  of  his  leaving  —  and  have  believed  the  absurd  story  that  Arnold  tcmk 
him  to  West  Point ;  but  the  whole  business  tnay  be  dismissed  by  remembering  that  he  could  not  possibly 
have  li.id  time  to  go  there,  and  return  to  Smith's,  by  sunset.  The  other  inherent  impossibilities  need  not 
<U'tain  us. 

2  Dykman, 

•'<  A  large  escort  had  been  sent  from  Tappan. 

*  One  authority  .says  Tallmadge  allowed  Smith  to  stop  there  for  a  while,  It  may  here  be  noted,  as  a  singular 
instance  of  the  way  in  which  families  were  divii'.ed  by  the  Revolution,  that  Tallmadge  and  .Smith  were 
second  cousins  — the  Major  being  grandson  of  Rev.  John  Smith,  Joshua  Hett's  uncle,  whose  daughter 
Susanna  married  Rev.  Benjamin  Tallmadge,  of  Brookhaven,  Kon>r  Island. 

<•  The  station  on  the  New  Jersey  and  New  York  railroad  is  Summit  Park,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west. 

"  John  Coe  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Haverstraw  militia.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Provincial  Congress 
ill  177,<;,  and  Judge  of  Orange  County  1775-7.S,  and  a  member  of  the  New  York  A.s.sembly  from  177H  to  17.S0. 
In  1776-77  he  was  Deputy  Chairman  of  the  Orange  County  Committee  of  Safety. 


•J. 

■J 

o 


y. 


55 

the  "  English "  (Presbyterian)'  church,  about  ten  miles  west  of  the  Hudson. 
Here  a  halt  was  made  for  dinner,  guards  and  pickets  being  posted  arouud 
meanwhile. 

The  house — now  very  shabby — stands  close  to  the  highway,  unfenced. 
There  are  but  few  houses  near — I  do  not  recall  any  in  sight — and  in  1780  the 
place  must  have  been  very  lonely,  although,  as  two  roads  cross,  it  was  doubtless 
a  fit  site  for  a  house  of  public  entertainment.'  Never  since  that  time  has  it 
received  a  visitor  of  equal  historic  importance  with  him  who  was  the  centre  of 
attraction  that  September  Thursday.  As  shown  in  our  view,  it  is  probably 
larger  than  in  1780,  and  is  somewhat  modernized,  but  the  dining-room  is 
probably  very  little  changed,  barring  the  substitution  of  carpet  for  bare  floor 
and  wall-paper  for  paint.  The  room,  which  is  on  the  left  of  the  entrance,  is  not 
large,  and  must  have  been  well  filled  by  the  diners  —  probably  seven  or  eight, 
besides  Major  Tallmadge.  It  is  remarkable  that  of  this  occasion,  the  only  one 
during  his  whole  experience  (up  to  this  time)  when  the  prisoner  could  have  been 
in  the  company  of  so  many  American  officers,  no  recollection  or  reminiscence  lias 
been  handed  down  from  any  of  them.  In  fact,  with  the  exception  of  Tallmadge's, 
no  names  of  any  of  them  have  been  preserved.  Dinner  being  over,  Andre  for  the 
first  time  referred  to  the  undignified  appearance  he  felt  he  must  present,  in  the 
borrowed  coat,  which  Lieutenant  King  had  before  noticed  as  shabby.  On  this, 
Tallmadge  promptly  offered  the  loan  of  the  dragoon  cloak  he  was  wearing,  which 
was  accepted  after  a  little  hesitation.  (The  light-blue  cloak  Andr6  wore  up  to  the 
time  of  capture  seems  to  have  disappeared,  as  King  does  not  mention  it  at 
South  Salem.)  The  march  was  resumed,  towards  what  is  now  New  City,  the 
present  County  seat,  by  the  road  extending  almost  due  east  from  Coe's.  If  it 
was  then  as  now  it  was  extremely  picturesque,  bordered  by  woodland  for  a  long 
distance,  and  crossing  two  or  three  pretty  brooks,  which  make  a  charmingly 
diversified  landscape.  The  stranger  who  to-day  visits  the  interior  of  Rockland 
County  is  impressed  by  the  exceedingly  quiet  and  secluded  aspect  it  presents. 
Although  traversed  by  three  railroads  it  is  difficult  to  realize  it  is  so  near  crowded 
cities  and  the  great  highway  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  the  modern  settlements 
on  the  east  bank.  The  population  is  still  very  largely  descended  from  the 
original  Dutch  settlers,  and  very  many  of  the  patronymics  of  the  Revolution 
are  still  common.  "  Turning  to  the  right,  they  passed  over  the  road  leading 
south  to  the  highway  near  the  corner  of  the  road  where  the  present  railroad 
crosses  the  same,  then  wheeling  to  the  left,  they  went  nearly  east,  crossing  a 
small  stream,  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Hackensack  River.  Continuing  on  to 
the    Four  Corners  they   turned  to   the   right   and   passed  through  Clarkstown. 

1  So  called,  apparently,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Dutch  (Reformed)  Church. 
'  It  is  commonly  referred  to,  ia  contemporary  records,  as  Coe's  "Tavern." 


56 

Pnrsuinjr  tlie  road  soutli  from  Clarlcstown  to  the  point  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
railroad,  llicy  crossed  the  Hackeusack  and  continued  on  the  road  now  crossed 
by  tlie  railroad  near  the  bridge,  then  south  again  over  another  point  crossed  by 
the  railroad,  then  over  a  small  stream  east  of  what  is  now  Blauveltville  they 
continued  south   in  a  dir  .-t  road  to  Tappan.'" 

'  Dykman. 


TlIK    COK   TaVKKN,    IIl'MI'STKAI),    RoCKI.AND   CoiNTV. 
The  Diiiiiif;  Room. 


CHAPTER  V. 


The  orlgtntl  U.  rt. 
Army  Bntlun. 


At  Tappan^ Death. 

And  (lie  with  decency. — Otwav — Venice  Preserved,  Act  v.,  sc.  3. 

N  arrival,  Smith  was  put  in  the  church,  while  his  com- 
panion in  misfortune  was  taken  to  the  stone  ti.veru  of 
Casparus  (Jasper)  Mabie.  This  is  still  standing,  though 
built  in  1755.  It  was  for  many  years  —  and  up  to  about  1857 — 
a  noted  house  of  entertainment,  and  is  a  two-story  edifice,  about 
50x40,  built  of  large  grey  stone  blocks,  the  corners  of  rough  brown- 
stone.  Had  the  roof  been  slate,  the  place  miglit  still  be  habitable. 
As  it  is,  the  mossy  roof  has  collapsed  and  the  elements  are  working  havoc  with  the 
interior,  which  has  been  closed  to  visitors  for  many  years.'  The  tall  weeds  grow 
rampantly  around  it,  and  its  aspect 
is  forlorn  in  the  extreme.  The 
owvver  admitted  me  by  a  rear  door, 
and  showed  nie  over  the  building. 
In  1800  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Philip  Dubey,  who  owned  it  in 
1818,  when  Captain  Alden  Part- 
ridge, U.  S.  A.,  who  was  Superin- 
tendent of  West  Point  in  1816-17, 
visited  it.  His  account  has  some 
professional  details  of  interest : 

Andre's  room  is  18  feet  6>:S 
inches,  by  1 1  feet  7  J^  inche.s,  and  7 
feet  5  inches  high.  There  is  but  one 
window,  in  tlie  west  wall,  and  one 
door,  in  the  south. 

Since    then    the    two    rear 
rooms  have  been   made  into  one, 


Plan  of  thk  Mab:e  Tavern  as  in  1780. 

From  ^fa^atiuf  0/  American  Histiity,  by  permission. 
The  "  BaU-room  "  was  enlarged  in  1848  by  taking  down  the  par- 
tition, as  marked.    The  "  Uar-room  "  was  nsed  by  General  Greene 
as  his  headquarters*  office. 


For  the  interesting  relic  from  which  the  sketch  heading  this  chapter  was  made,  one  of  the  Continentals'  buttons 
of  the  Revolution,  I  am  indebted,  as  I  am  also  for  the  three  "Andre  regiment"  buttons  lieailing  Chapters 
II.,  III.,  and  IV.,  to  Mr.  William  L.  Calver,  of  New  York,  who  lias  a  large  and  varied  collection  of  such, 
found  cliiefly  on  the  sites  of  the  British  camps  on  the  ridge  forming  the  north  end  of  New  York  City,  just 
below  Spuyteu  Duyvil  Creek.  It  may  here  be  noted  that  the  Massachusetts  troops  did  not  wear  this  button, 
but  a  State  one. 


1  This  was  written  iu  1897  —  since  when  the  house  has  been  opened. 


58 

tlic  sordid  owner  of  1848  making  a  ballroom  of  them,  and  boasting  to  Lossing  of 

luiving  received  "  a  whole  dollar  "  for  the  lock  of  the  door. 

The  street  door  of  the  building  is  the  same  as  opened  to  admit  the  man 
whose  brief  sojourn  within  was  to  make  the  house  famous;  but  the  window- 
shutters  are  modern,  or  the  modernity  of  about  1830.  The  piazza  was  originally 
the  orthodox  Dutch  stoop,  of  just  sufficient  length  for  a  seat  on  each  side,  and 
six  steps'  to  the  ground.  No  other  building  can  boast  of  more  historic  interest 
for  the  same  period  than  can  this  plain,  heavy  Dutch  tavern.  Almost,  if  not 
quite,  every  general  officer  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army  (and  possibly  Washington 
also)  was  a  visitor  to  it  while  it  was  Greene's  headquarters,  during  the  autumn  of 
1780.  The  Commander  in  Chief  was  the  only  exception  during  the  momentous 
five  days  we  are  considering.  ^ 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  neither  our  ^^'^''^!^***Nv 

patriotic  societies  nor  the  Rockland  County  Historical  /.A-         t  >\ 

Society  feel   able  to  buy  and   maintain   it.     A  few        /".        ^.^^fcr   .  A 

more  years,  at  most,  will  reduce  it  to  ruins.^     The      L^"  [^^Kt/MK"^^^ 
old   Dutch   church,   in    which    both   prisoners   were      MhI^^^hHHHIBH 
tried,   stood    at  the  head  of  the  street,  but  was  de-     ^mSH^pV^l^j^Bv 
molished  in   1786,  to  make  way  for  a  larger,  which      NB^^^SBJ^aE^^^y 
in  turn  gave  place   (1836)  to  a  third,    the   present        ^^9BB^^^^5^^ 
structure,  which  is  on  the  original  site.     The  only  ^^^HflSi^^^^ 

known  representation  of  the  first  church  is  on  a  seal,  ^^^^^^^^ 

from  which  was  made  the  cut  given  here.  the  old  dutch  church,  tappan.n.  v. 

roll  1  (remolished  1786.) 

The  worthy  Dutchmen  of  1780'  knew  not  the     The  prison  of  joshua  hfu  smith,  «ii.i  place 

.  .  of  trial  of  Major  Aiidr*. 

fame  their  sleepy  village  was  to  acquire  from  that 

September  week,  or  surely  the  quaint  old  sanctuary  would  have  been  carefully 

preserved. 

The  order,  issued  by  Colonel  Alexander  Scammell,^  Adjutant  General,  to 


I  Van  Dyk. 

s  Just  as  Uiis  was  written  (November,  1897,)  the  news  arrived  that  a  heavy  gale  had  blown  down  part  of  it. 
Shortly  afterwards  it  was  sold  to  a  purchaser  who  repaired  the  damage,  but  proposes  to  degrade  the 
building  by  opening  it  as  a  saloon.    Sic  transit  gloria  —  revolutioiiensis ! 

•1  Tappan  is  still  very  Dutch.  Hundreds  who  speak  the  tongue  still  live  within  a  radius  of  five  miles  from  the 
church.  To  my  great  regret  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  a  painting  — known  to  exist  in  1897  —  of  the  trial 
itself.  It  is  the  only  one  of  the  scene,  to  my  knowledge,  and  I  will  be  grateful  to  any  reader  who  can  put 
me  on  its  track. 

<  Alexander  Scammell  was  bom  in  Mendon  (now  Milford)  Massachusetts,  in  1744,  and  died  at  Williamsburg, 
Virginia,  October  6,  1781.  Graduated  from  Harvard  in  1769,  he  taught  school,  surveyed  land,  and  studied 
law  until  tiiC  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  where  he  served  with  credit.  His  patriotism  had  before  this  been 
iiianife.sted  by  his  participation  in  Sullivan's  capture  of  Fort  William  and  Mary,  at  Newcastle,  N.  H., 
December  14,  1774.  where  he  personally  pulled  down  the  British  flag.  He  accompanied  Sullivan  on  the 
Canada  expedition,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  but  soon  exchanged.  He  crossed 
the  Delaware  in  the  same  boat  with  Washington,  on  the  expedition  to  Trenton,  was  with  hmi  at  Princeton, 
and  was  in  command  of  the  First  New  Hampshire  battalion  when  orderetl  to  raise  another  regiment,  the 
Third,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel.  He  served  with  credit  at  Saratoga,  though  wounded  a  few 
days  before.  In  1778  he  was  promoted  to  be  Adjutant  General  of  the  army,  and  of  his  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth  Washington  said  afterwards  :  "  he  was  the  man  whc  inspired  us  all  to  do  our  full  duty." 


'A 


•1-'     .n   13 


1^   :; 


C   '- 


a:     = 

c     2 


X 

o 


5!    j;. 


The  Mabik  Tavkrn  at  Tai'pan  — 


Andre's  priHo„-ro<m.  in  the  rear  of  tlje  b«iMin«.     (J^^-  ""f'"''''>-  ^""  """" 
rooms,  which  were  thrown  into  one  in  i.S4«-) 


59 


the  officers  of  Andre's  special  guard,  was  an  amplification  of  Washington's  letter 
to  Greene  on  the  subject  (given  on  page  53): 

Major  Aiulrd.  the  prisoner  under  your  Kuard,  is  not  only  an  officer  of  distinction  in 

tlie  British  army,  but  a  man  of  infinite  artfuhiess,  and  aildress,  who  will  leave  no  means 

nnattempted  to  make  his  escape'  and  avoid  the  ignomini<Mis  death  which  awaits  him.     Yon 

are  therefore,  in  addition  to  your  sentries,'  to  keep  two  officers  constantly  in  the  rrxjin  with 

him,   with   their  swords  drawn,   whilst  the  other  officers  who  are  out  of   the   r(K)m  are 

constantly  to  keep  walking  the  entry  and  round  the  sentries,  to  see  that  they  are  alert.' 

Washington  arrived  at  Tappan  on  the  same  day  as  tht  prisoners,  and  made 

his  headquarters  at  the  house  of  John  De  Windt,  on  the  road  directly  east  of  the 

Mabie  tavern,  and  about  an  eighth  of  a  mile  distant.     It  is  still  standing,  in  good 

condition,  but  its  north  side  is  entirely  transformed  by  the  addition  of  a  wooden 

front.     From    it   he   issued   an   order   convening  a   Court  of  Inquiry^    to  which 

Andre's  case  was  referred,  and  which  met  the  next  day.     The  order  reads  : 

Gentlemen, — Major  Andre,  Adjutant  to  the  British  army,  will  lie  brought  l>efore 
you  for  examination.  He  came  within  our  lines  in  the  night,  on  an  inten-iew  with  Major 
General  Arnold,  and  in  an  assumed  character,  and  was  taken  within  our  lines  in  a 
di.sguised  habit,  with  a  pa.ss  under  a  feigned  name,  and  with  the  enclo.sed  pajK-rs  concealed 
\\\xm  his  jK-rson.  After  a  careful  examination,  you  will  Ik;  pleased  as  siniedily  as  possible, 
to  reixjrt  a  preci.se  statement  of  his  case,  together  with  your  opinion  of  the  light  in  which 
he  ought  to  be  considered,  and  the  jienalty  which  ought  to  Ix;  inflicted.  The  Judge- 
Advocate  will  attend  to  as.sist  in  the  examination,  who  has  sundry  other  papers  relative  to 
this  matter,  which  he  will  lay  l)efore  the  Ixiard. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  gentlemen,  your  most  otx;dient,  humble  ser\'ant, 

Gkorgr  Washington. 
The  Board  was  thus  constituted  : 

General  Greene,  President. 

James  Clinton, 


I,ord  Stirling, 
Lafayette, 
Steulxn, 
vSt.  Clair, 
Rolxirt  Howe, 


Major  Generals. 


Glover, 

Hand, 

Huntington, 

Knox,' 

Parsons,' 

Paterson , 

Stark, 


Brigadier  Generals. 


Oil  Se])teml)er  V',  17S1,  while  ricoiinoiltiiiij,'  at  Vdrklown,  lie  was  surprised  \>y  two  Hessian  officers,  made 
prisoner,  aiul  wouiuled  after  liis  surrender  (Pr.  Tliacher.  who  attendol  him,  .so  .stales).  At  W'a.shinfjton's 
request,  Coriiwallis  allowed  him  to  he  removed  to  Willianishur);  for  treatment.  Tliore  lie  died  and  was 
buried,  a  tablet  heiii};  erected  to  his  memory.  Dr.  Matthew  Thornton,  the  member  of  Congress  whose 
signature  was  the  last  affixed  to  the  Declaration  of  Inilepeiidence,  wrote  a  dirge  on  hearing  of  his  ilrath, 
which  may  be  found  in  an  interesting  sketch  of  Colonel  Scamniell's  life,  by  William  ().  Clough.  in  the 
(.'laiiitc-  lifonllily,  of  Concord.  N.  H.,  September,  1S92.  The  portrait  I  give  is  taken  from  that  in  the  New 
Hiimpshire  Representatives'  Hall,  Concord. 

1  This  conclusion  was  natural,  but  hardly  warranted  by  Andre's  conduct.  He  never  seems  to  have  had  any  idea 
of  escape. 

-  There  were  six  constantly  on  post. 

•I  The  guard  outside  the  house  consisted  of  a  captain,  five  subalterns,  and  forty  rank  and  file. — /jOU'iiian. 

*  Commonly  known  as  the  Hoard  of  General  Officers. 

6  The  omi,s.sion  of  Wayne  has  been  remarked  by  all  historians.  Sparks,  in  1S34,  askeil  Tallmadge  the  reason, 
and  got  the  incisive  reply  ;  "  None  durst  ask  him  (Washington)  the  reason  why  A.  was  appointed  ami  H. 
omitted."    Johnson  (Li/f  0/  Crtv/n)  says  Wayne  declined.        *  It  is  of  interest,  ?  Was  Parsons,  page  60. 


6o 

John  Lauraiicc  was  Judge  Advocate.'  At  tlic  same  ti"ie  a  Court  was 
tonveiicd  to  try  Smith.  It  consisted  of  a  number  of  line  officers,  mostly  of 
Connecticut  regiments,  witli  Colonel  Henry  Jackson,  vSixtecnth  Massachusetts,  as 
president. 

.As  beff  re  noticed,  Smith  was  acquitted,  after  the  case  had  dragged  along 
with  frequent  postponements  for  four  weeks  from  vSeptcmber  thirtieth.  The 
report  of  the  case  is  interesting.  Smith,  rcali/.inj'  lis  danger  a. id  able  to  see  from 
his  window,  if  !;e  cared  to,  the  gallows  erected  lor  his  unfortunate  companion, 
conducted  his  own  defence  with  a  degree  of  courage  which  comjiels  admiration. 
He  cross-examined  every  witness  (of  whom  he  complains  Hamilton  and  Lafayette 
were  unjust  to  him)  and  won.  His  liberty,  however,  was  brief,  as  he  was  soon 
arrested  b}'  the  civil  organization  stj'led  "  Commissioners  of  Coiispirac}',"  taken 
to  Goshen,  and  imprisoned  until  May  22,  17.S1,  when  he  escaped  to  New  York.^ 

While  imprisoned,  .Andre  was  visited  bj-  a  number  of  general  officers,  and 
was  treated  with  the  utmost  consideration  —  in  marked  contrast  to  the  treatment 
of   Nathan   Hale  by  Howe   in    1777.     He  was    allowed    to  write   to  Clinton''  and 

•  n  is  of  interest  to  note  tliat  Knox  li.id  met  Andr^  before,  at  tlie  ca|)ture  of  >St.  Jolnrs,  in  1775.  Knox 
was  of  the  victorions  force,  ami  nllmvcil  Andrd  to  sliare  his  quarters  for  a  night. 

^  Was  Parsons  at  that  verv  time  holding  In  asonal)le  rel.'itions  with  Clinton?  The  (|ncstion  is  one  requiring 
more  space  for  iliscussion  than  I  can  give  it,  hut  I  ilo  not  credit  it.  A  very  fnll  and  interesting  paper  on 
the  snhjict,  hy  Congressman  C'.eorge  1!.  I.or'ng,  of  Salem,  Jla.ss.,  will  he  found  in  the  Jf(it;(icitir  af 
Amnii.au  History. 

I  John  Laurance  (1750-1810)  was  an  ICnglislinian,  horn  in  Cornwall.  He  was  afterwards  a  jndge  of  the  New 
York  District  Court,  a  menihcr  of  the  first  I'ederal  Congress,  and  of  the  .Senate  ( 1 796- 1 .'^oo ) .  lie  held  the 
rank  of  Colonel  in  the  Continental  .\rmy.     His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Cleneral  Ale      ndev  McDougall. 

'  .\nxiet\  had  undcriniueil  his  wife's  health,  and  she  was  un.ahle  to  accompany  liim  when  he  li;ft  New  Vork  with 
the  liritish  troojis,  in  Xoveniher,  I7.S,V  hut  died  there  January  i,  1784.  .Vt  the  time  cf  his  ile)xirture  he 
owned  No.  7  William  Street,  which  was  sold  hv  his  order  in  December.  He  lived  in  I.ondon,  receiving  a 
small  pension  from  the  liritish  Crown  —  6s.  a  day,  in  17H3-4;  it  had  been  |i  per  day  while  in  New  York  - 
until  i.Soi,  when  he  returne<l  to  the  I'nited  States,  and  (as  I  am  informed  by  an  old  resident)  opened  a 
school  in  Ids  old  hou.se  in  Ilaverstraw.  V.  ''c  opinion,  however,  was  against  him,  and  he  .soon  withdrew, 
went  South,  then  ret\irned  to  lingland,  whei,-  ''e  .seems  to  have  lived  at  Shepton  Mallet,  , Somersetshire. 
In  iSoS  he  published  his  celebrated  book  :  "An  .\uthentic  Narrative  of  the  Can.scs  which  led  to  the  death 
of  Major  John  .Andre."  It  was  r  nted  in  New  York  the  next  year,  and  attracted  general  attention,  as 
all  three  of  .AudrO's  captors,  and  most  of  those  who  hail  witnessed  his  death,  were  .still  alive.  In  spite  of 
the  generally  unfavorable  opinion  which  historians  have  entertained  of  it,  I  (as  noted  el  '  .ere)  can  but 
think  its  statements  credible  on  minor  jioints.  He  married  a  second  time,  whether  wh.l"  living  in  England 
or  ill  the  South  is  not  determinable,  though  the  lady's  name,  .Anna  Middleton,  is  common  in  South 
Carolina,  By  his  will,  dated  December  ,^i,  1817,  and  prove<l  in  New  York,  October  i,s,  iSiS,  he  gives  her 
an  estate  in  .Shepton  M.allet.  He  returned  to  New  York,  some  time  after  if<o.S,  and  died  there  October  10, 
iSiS.  He  was  buried  in  a  vault  of  either  the  Middle  or  North  Dutch  Church,  New  A'ork. 
The  portrait  given  is  the  only  known  one  of  him,  and  is  owned  by  a  private  collector  in  New  York.  It 
has  never  been  copied  before.  Trumbull  met  Smith  in  I  nidon,  and  the  portrait  is  endorsed  in  his  hand- 
writing :  "Joshua  H.  .Smith,  who  was  a  verv  .smart  (?)  man.  Arnold  and  "ndrdmel  in  his  House.  I  met 
him  in  England,  hSoS,  and  after  in  N.  York,  and  were  the  best  of  friends.     J.  T." 

•''  Tappa.i,  Sept.  29. 

His  Excellency 
General  Sir  Henry  Clii.ton,  K.  B.,  etc. 

Sir, --Your  ICxcellency  is  doubtless  already  apprised  of  the  manner  in  which  I  was  taken,  and 
possibly  of  the  serious  light  in  which  my  conduct  is  considered  and  the  rigorous  determination  that  is 
impending. 

Under  these  circumstances,  I  have  obtained  Oeiieral  W.ashington's  perini.ssion  to  send  vou  this 
Liter;  the  object  of  which  is  to  remove  from  your  breas'  y  suspicion  that  I  could  imagine  I  was  bound 
by  your  Excellency's  orders  to  expose  myself  to  what  i.<  happened.  The  events  of  coming  within  an 
Enemv's  posts,  and  of  changing  my  dress,  which  led  me  to  my  present  situation,  were  contrary  to  my  own 
intention,  as  they  were  to  your  orders;  and  the  circuitous  route  which  I  took  to  return  was  imposed 
(perhaps  unavoidably)  without  alternative,  upon  me. 


o^;;^^^'-^-^' 


O 


(tyCyu^t 


FROM  THE  OniGINAL  BY  TRUMBUlt.       BY  PEBMISStON  OH   THE  NEW  YORK  HIBTORICAL  60CIETY. 
UlCNATURE  FROM  THE  EMMET  CCULECTION.I 


6i 

others  in  New  York,  and  to  have  his  servant,'  Peter  Lanne,  come  thence  with 
clotliing  for  his  use,  on  Friday,  the  twenty-ninth.  A  surgeon,  Dr.  Nathaniel 
Gardiner,  First  New  Hampshire  Continentals,  was  detailed  to  attend  hini." 

On  his  examination  by  the  Board  Andre  made  the  explicit  statement : 

That  the  lx)at  in  which  he  came  ashore  carried  no  flag. 
In   repl}'  to  the  question  whether  he  considered  himself   under   the  pro- 
tection of  a  flag,  he  replied : 

That  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  so  consider  ;  and  that  if  he  had  he  certainly 
might  have  returned  under  it,^  adding  :  I  leave  them  (liis  detailed  statements,  as  given  in 
the  A])ix;ndix)  to  operate  with  the  Board,  (KTsnaded  that  you  will  do  me  justice. 

After  he  had  been  returned  to  his  prison^  he  remarked : 

I  foresee  my  fate,  and  tliough  I  pretend  not  to  play  the  hero  or  to  l)e  indifferent 
alMjnt  life,  yet  I  am  reconciled  to  whatever  may  happen,  conscious  that  misfortune,  not 
guilt,  will  have  brought  it  uiwn  me. 

Regarding  his  treatment  by  the  Board,  he  said  : 

I   flatter  my.self  that   I  have  never  been   illiberal,  but  if  there  were  any  remains  of 
prejudice  in  my  mind,  my  present  exix-rieuce  nuist  obliterate  them. 
The   Board  deliberated,  but  it  was  obvious  that  they  could  come  to   but 
one  decision,''  and  aecordinglj'  reported  : 

I  am  perfectly  traiu|iiil  in  iiiiiul,  and  prepared  for  any  fate,  to  which  an  honest  zeal  for  my  Kind's 
seivice  may  have  devoted  me.  In  addressing  myself  to  your  Excellency  on  this  occasion,  the  force  of  all 
my  obligations  to  yon,  and  ot  the  attachment  and  gratitude  I  bear  you,  recurs  to  me.  With  all  the  warmth 
of  my  heart  I  give  you  thanks  for  your  Excellency's  profuse  kindness  to  me,  and  I  .send  you  the  mo.st 
earne.st  wishes  for  your  welfare  which  a  faithful,  aflfectiona'.e  and  respectful  attendant  can  frame. 

I  have  a  mother  and  three  sisters,  to  whom  the  value  of  my  commission  would  be  an  object,  as  the 
loss  of  Grenada  has  nuicli  affected  their  income.  It  is  needless  to  be  more  explicit  on  this  subject  ;  I  am 
persuaded  of  your  Excellency's  goodness. 

I  receive  the  greatest  attention  from  his  excellency  General  Washington,  and  from  every  per.wn 
under  who.se  charge  I  happen  to  be  placed. 

I  have  the  lionour  to  be,  with  the  most  affectionate  attachmeiU,  your  Excellency's  mo.st  obedient 
and  most  humble  servant, 

John  .XNHRit, 

Adjutant-fietieral. 
I  Two  servants.  -  /^^Tccr.s. 

-'  Nathaniel  Qardiner  was  son  of  Colonel  Abraham  Gardiner,  of  Gardiner's  Island,  Long  Island.  N.  V.  He  was 
born  January  1 1,  17.19,  and  died  March  25,  i8<i4.  On  the  aSth  June,  17S0,  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  1  e 
First  New  Hampshire,  which  nppointment  he  resigned  December  17,  1782.  He  was  several  times  a  meinner 
of  the  New  York  Legislature,  and,  after  I79f),  resided  in  New  York  City,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Gardiner,  Thompsc.  and  Co.,  shipping  merchants. 
A  singular  coincidence  may  be  noticed  in  this  connection.  In  1776,  the  British  had  possession  of  the  east  end 
of  Long  Island,  and  Andre  was  quartered  in  tlie  Gardiner  hcmse.  Dr.  Gardiner  had  ventured  to  return  fm 
a  secret  visit  to  his  home,  .\ndre  afterwards  told  his  f.ithcr  that  he  had  known  of  his  presence,  but  .is  he 
had  not  actually  met  iiim,  had  forlnirne  to  have  him  arnsted.  as  wouhl  have  otherwise  been  his  duty  to 
do.  On  leaving  I'last  Ham|it(>n,  ,\nilrt'  .ireseuted  Colonel  Gan'.iner  with  a  wine  gla.ss  in  exchange  for  one 
of  the  Colonel's  which  he  took  with  liini.  The  glass  is  still  preserved  by  the  family,  who  have  also  kindly 
furnished  me  with  the  portrait  and  autograph  of  the  Doctor. 
^  Lafavctte  told  Sparks  that  Greene  asked  the  prisoner  :   "When  yon  landed,  dirl  von  consider  yourself  acting  .i-s 

a  Rritish  oflicer,  or  as  a  private  individual  ?"     "  As  a  British  officer,"  was  the  unhesitating  reidy. 
<  During  the  trial  he  wore  the  clothes  in  which  he  had  been  captured,  but  on  its  lerniin.ilion  be  resumed  bisuTiiform- 
!■>  Lafavctte  told  Sparks  that  Gre  -ne  alone  wished  to  hang  him.     He  contended  that  llie  laws  of  war  rccpiired  that 
a  spy  be  hung;    the  ado/ion  of  any  less  rigorous  mode  of   punishment  would   excite   the   tielief   that 
palliatorv  circumstances  existed  in  the  case  of  .\iidre,  and  the  decision  might  thereby  be  brought  into 
rpiestion.      He  carried  his  point  with  the  others  of  the  Hoard. — Cordon  (and  L.  lU.  Sargent). 
This,  however,  is  evidently  a  mistake.     Witness  Steuben's  words  :  "It  is  not  possil)le  to  save  him.     He  put 
us    to    uo    proof,   but    in    an   open,    maidy   manner  confe.s,sed  everything  but  a  premeditateii   design  to 
deceive." — Kapp's  Life  of  Steuben. 


62 

The    Board   of   General    Officers  appointed   to    examine    into   the   case   of    Major 
Andre  reix:)rt  : 

ist.  That  he  came  on  shore  from   the  Vulture  sloop  of  war  ir   the  night  of  the 

2ist  Septemljer  last,   on   an    enterprise  with   General   A-  ;:)ld,    in  a  private 

and  secret  manner. 

2d.  Tliat  he  changed  his  dre.ss  within  our  lines,  and  under  a  feigned  name  and  in 

a  disguised  habit   pas,sed   our   works  at  Stony   and    Verplank's  Points  the 

evening  of  the  22d  Septenil^er  last,  and  was  taken  the  morning  of  the  23d 

September  last,  at  Ta''rytown,  in  a  di.sguised  habit,  being  then  on  his  way 

to  New  York,  and  when  taken    he   had    in   his    po.s.se.ssion   several   pajjers 

which  contained  Intelligence  for  the  Knemy. 

The  Hoard  having  maturely  con.sidered  these  facts,  do  also  refxirt  to  his  Excellency 

General  Wa.shington,  That  Major  Andrd  ought  to  be  considered  as  a  .spy  from  the  enemy, 

and  fliat  agreeably  to  the  law  and  usage  of  nations,  it  is  their  opinion  he  ought  to  suffer  death. 

The  report  and  finding  were  thus  approved : 

Headquarters,  Tappan,  Sept.  30,  1780. 
The  Connnander  in  Chief  approves  of  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of  general  officers 
respecting    Major   Andre,    and   orders  that    the   execution   of    Major   Andre   take   place 
to-morrow  at  five  o'clock  P.  M.' 


1  Captain  Klienczer  Smith,  of  the  Thirteenth  Mas.sachu.setts,  commanded  the  execution  guard  for  this  day,  and 
has  left  on  record  a  >;raphic  picture  which  .shows  Andr^  not  to  liave  been  unmoved  by  the  sentence  :  "  The 
agony  of  his  mind  a.s  he  walked  the  room  was  most  distressing,,  and  it  .seemed  to  me  that  his  very  flesh 
crawled  u])on  his  bones." 
•  Tlic  order  postp(ming  the  execution  arrived  before  five,  to  the  Captain's  jjreat  relief.  The  next  morning  he 
was  a  witness  to  the  tears  of  Laune,  Andre's  servant. — Sparks,  Am.  Whig  Review,  Vol.  V. 
I'rom  Judge  Dyknian  I  have  received  the  following  interesting  item,  the  authority  for  which  he  is  unable  to 
name,  Imt  which  it  may  be  legitimately  surmised  from  Captain  Smith's  statement,  must  have  been  himself, 
or  one  of  the  other  officers  on  guard  that  night :  During  the  night  previous  to  his  death,  Andrd  said  ;  "  I 
am  in  a  deplorable  state  :  just  about  to  be  launched  into  the  presence  of  my  God." 

Ebenezer  Smith  was  born  in  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  Januar)   — ,   1764. 
and  died  in  New  Marlborough,  Massachusetts,  September  — ,  1816. 


<i^^%r^. 


Of        yi        ' ^J^       In  1775  he  was  living  in  New  Marlborough.  When  the '' Lexington  Alarm  ' 
^5  /-  »a/V    gi^^'>-Tt4>^J^L^  was  sounded,  within  two  hours  of  the  news,  his  company  of  Minute  Men 

assembled,  and  the  next  day  they  marched  for  Boston  and  fought  at 
Hunker  Hill.  He  was  commissioned  Knsign,  and  soon  after  Captain.  I'rom  that  time  on  he  was  in  service, 
only  ntiring  when  peace  was  established  in  1783,  when  he  was  the  oldest  captain  of  the  Massachusetts  Line. 
Ouriiig  bis  whole  service  —  eight  years,  eight  months  and  nine  days  —  he  was  on  furlough  only  six  months. 
At  Ticoiideroga,  Monmouth,  Long  Island,  Saratoga,  Valley  Forge,  in  Rhode  Island,  his  regiments  (Thir- 
teenth and  Si-  '1  Massachusetts)  were  in  the  front  rani:.  They  fro/.e  it  Valley  Forge  (where  for  two  days 
his  scjle  food  was  an  old  beef -bone,  pounded  and  boiled)  and  parched  a':  Monmouth,  where,  nearly  dying  of 
heat  and  thirst,  he  bore  off  the  field  one  of  his  wounded  sergeants,  and  where  his  own  life  was  saved  from  a 
British  dragoon  by  a  comrade.  Ilis  witness  to  the  feaiful  heat  of  that  day  was  his  description  to  his  son, 
David,  (himself  a  .soldier  at  sixteen,)  of  counting  nine  Uritish  soldiers,  lying  close  beside  a  spring,  without 
a  wound  on  any  of  them,  all  dead  from  the  heat.  He  wts  stationed  at  West  Point  when  Andr^  was  brought 
there,  and  his  son  is  the  authority  for  the  jiositive  statement  received  from  the  Captain,  that  Audr^  was 
under  his  charge  in  old  Fort  Putnani.  He  went  to  Tappan,  and  being  an  especial  favorite  with  Washington 
(at  whose  request  he  thrice  withdrew  his  offered  resignation  from  the  army),  was  again  his  guard  there. 
Neither  he,  his  widow  :ior  any  of  his  cliild'^en  ever  asked  or  received  a  pension,  nor  were  any  of  the 
family  repaid  the  losses  he  sustained  by  the  dejireciation  of  Continental  money  in  which  he  was  paid. 

.\  jiroof  of  Washington's  confidence  in  him  aiipears  from  this  incident,  told  by  his  .son  to  his  grandson,  the 
late  M.  Goodrich  Smith,  of  Washington  :  The  evening  of  October  i.st  the  Chief  sent  for  Captain  Smith,  and 
warned  him  that  he  was  fearful  lest  the  food  or  drink  which  might  be  offered  him  that  night,  be  drugged, 
in  order  to  make  Andre's  escape  po.ssible  ;  adding,  "Treachery  is  all  around  me,  and  I  hardly  know  vs'hom 
to  tnist,  but  I  know  I  can  trust  you  —  vou  must  mount  guard  over  him  to-night."  '  My  life  shall  answer 
for  his  safety,"  was  Smith's  reply,  and  he  did  not  leave  Andrd  that  night.  After  hostilities  ended,  Captain 
Smith  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Cincinnati. 
He  was  a  man  of  exemplary  religious  life,  ami  universally  honored  by  all  who  knew  him. 

(Though  I  have  given  more  space  to  the  record  of  this  officer,  and  to  tho.se  of  some  others,  than  their  com- 
paratively slight  connection  with  Andr(5  uiiplit  seem  to  require,  they  present  such  remarkable  instances  of 
endurance  and  patriotic  service  that  nothing  less  extensive  could  pretend  to  do  them  justice.  It  was  by 
the  devotion  of  such  men  that  our  Republic  was  made  a  possibility. ) 


'CA.  '0. 


FROM  MINIATURE  LENT  BY  MRS.   DAVID  LYON  QARDINER. 


63 

That  same  day  lie  wrote  Clinton  in  such  terms  as  effectually  prevented 
any  repetition  of  the  latter's  ridiculous  "  flag  of  truce  "  plea,  to  which  Andre's 
own  explicit  testimony  had  just  given  ito  quietus  : 

Head  Quarters, 

Septeinlier  30. 
Sir, — In  answer  to  your  Kxcellency's  letter  of  the  26th  instant,  which  I  had  the 
honour  to  receive,  I  am  to  inform  you  that  Major  Andrd  was  taken  under  such  circum- 
stances as  would  have  justified  the  most  summary  proceedings  against  him.  I  determined, 
however,  to  refer  his  case  to  the  examination  and  decision  of  a  Board  of  General  Officers, 
who  have  rejxirted  on  his  free  and  voluntary  confession  and  letters. — (Here  follows  the 
.sentence:  "That  he  came  on  shore  from  the  Vulture,"  etc.,  as  on  page  62,  and  the 
finding  of  the  Board. ) 

From  these  proceedings  it  is  evident  tliat  Major  Andre  was  employed  in  the 
execution  of  measures  very  foreign  to  the  objects  of  flags  of  truce,  and  such  as  they  were 
never  meant  to  aiUhorize  or  countenance  in  the  most  distant  degree  ;  and  this  gentleman 
confe.ssed,  with  the  greatest  candor,  in  the  course  of  his  examination:  "That  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  suppose  he  came  on  shore  under  the  sanction  of  a  flag." 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  etc.,  etc., 

G.    WASHirf.TON. 

(With  this  was  enclosed  Andre's  letter  to  Clinton.) 

That  day  the  Chief  received  a  letter  from  an  officer  high  in  Clinton's 
confidence,  and  at  the  time  Commandant  of  New  York  : 

New  York,  29th  September,  1780. 
Sir, — Persuaded  that  you  ore  inclined  rather  to  promote  than  to  prevent  tlie 
civilities  and  acts  of  humanity  which  the  rules  of  war  ijermit  between  civilized  nations,  I 
find  no  difficulty  in  representing  to  you,  that  several  letters  and  messages  sent  from  here 
have  Ijeen  disregarded,  are  unanswered,  and  the  flags  of  truce  that  carried  them,  detained. 
As  I  ever  have  treated  all  flags  of  truce  with  civility  and  respect,  I  have  a  right  to  hope 
that  you  will  order  my  complaint  to  be  immediately  redres.sed.  Major  Andr6,  who 
visited  an  officer  commanding  in  a  district,  at  his  own  desire,  and  acted  in  every 
circumstance  agreeable  to  his  direction,  I  find  is  detained  a  prisoner  ;  my  friendship  for 
him  leads  me  to  fear  he  may  suffer  .some  inconvenience  for  want  of  necessaries  ;  I  wi.sh  to 
be  allowed  to  send  him  a  few,  and  I  shall  take  it  as  a  favor  if  you  will  be  pleased  to 
permit  his  servant  to  deliver  them. 

In  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  absence  it  l)ecomes  a  part  of  my  duty  to  make  this 
representation  and  request. 

I  am,  etc.,  etc.,  etc., 

JAMKS   ROBKRTSON, 

Lieut.  General. 
It  is  remarkable  that  a  man  holding  such  an  office  as  Washington's  found 
time  to  write — frequently  with  his  own  hand  —  as  often  and  at  as  much  length 
as  he  did.     The  prompt  reply  to  Robertson  is  an  instance : 

Tappan,  Septemljer  30,  1780. 
Sir, — I  have  just  received  your  letter  of  the  29th.     Any  delay   which    may  have 
attended  your  flags,  has  proceeded  from  accident,  and  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the 
occasion — not   from    intentional   neglect   or   violation.     The   letter   that   admitted  of   an 


64 

answer,  lias  received  one  as  early  as  it  could  be  given  with  propriety,  transmitted  by  a 
tlag  this  morning;.     As  to  messages,  I  am  uniufonucd  of  any  that  have  been  sent. 

The  necessaries  for  Major  Andrd  will  be  delivered  to  him,'  agreeable  to  your  request. 

I  am,  Sir,  etc.,  etc., 

Gborgb  Washington. 

That  night  the  prisoner  made  a  sketch  of  the  Hndson,  showing  Smith 
and  liimself  going  ashore  from  the  Vulture,  and  also  one  of  West  Point  from  the 
river,^  and  gave  thcni  Lo  Laune  to  take  to  New  York.  The  guard  oiEcer  who  was 
constantl}-  in  the  room  with  him,  told  Dr.  Thacher  that  when  the  sentence  and 
the  hour  fixed — noon  —  were  announced  to  him'  he  received  the  news  without 
emotion,  merely  replying:  "I  avow  no  guilt,  but  am  reconciled  to  my  fate." 
"While  all  present  were  oppressed  with  silent  gloom,  he  retained  a  firm 
countenance,  with  calmness  and  composure  of  mind."^ 

It  is  not  clear  who  hinted  to  him  that  he  might  suggest  to  Clinton  to 
surrender  Arnold,  but  the  suggestion  was  instantly  repelled. "^ 

But  his  friends  were  uot  idle.     Thacher  records  : 

October  i .  I  went  this  afternoon  to  witness  the  execution  —  a  large  concourse  of 
jH'ople  had  a.ssenibled  and  the  gallows  was  erected,  but  a  flag  of  truce  arrived  from  Clinton, 
in  consequence  of  which  the  execution  is  postponed  till  to-morrow  at  noon. 

The  suggestion  about  Arnold  was  carried  further.  Captain  Aaron  Ogden, 
of  Lafayette's  light  infantry  corps,  was  sent  on  the  preceding  day — September 
thirtieth  —  to  Paulus  Hook — now  Jersey  City  —  with  a  package  of  papers  for 
Clinton.  This  contained  an  official  account  of  the  trial,  the  report  of  the  Board, 
and  a  letter  from  Andre.  Ogden,  following  his  orders,  communicated  to  the 
commander  at  Paulus  Hook,  where  he  spent  the  night,  his  belief  that  Andre 
might  be  saved  by  the  surrender  of  Arnold."  This  was  instantly  transmitted  to 
Clinton,  but,  as  might  have  been  expected  under  the  circumstances,  he  refused  to 
entertain  the  idea.  Ogden  reached  Tappan  again  on  the  morning  of  October 
first,'  accompanied  by  a  British  flag  of  truce  bearing  this  letter  from  Clinton  : 

'  That  ilay  Talliiiadge  wrote  to  Colonel  Webb,  who  was  out  on  parole,  either  at  Platbush  or  Wethersfield :  "I 
never  Siiw  a  man,  whose  fate  I  foresaw,  vhoni  I  so  sincerely  pitied.  Though  he  knows  his  fate,  he  seenis 
to  be  as  cheerful  as  if  he  were  going  to  an  assembly." 

'  Anburey.  Of  the  second  sketch  I  can  find  no  trace,  but  the  other,  which  was  about  12x7  inches,  was  .sent  lo 
New  Vork.  and  engraved  in  mezzotint.  The  self-control  whicli  would  enable  a  man  within  a  day  of  death 
to  sketch  with  sucli  ease  and  dexterity,  has  no  parallel  in  history  so  far  as  I  know. 

s  Two  officers  came  the  first  day  for  the  pur|)ose,  one  being  Major  Robert  Burne',  Aid  to  Greene.  While  the  other 
is  not  named,  it  was  probably  Scammell.  Major  Burnet  was  the  last  survivor  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  dying  in  Newbnrgh  in  1.S54. 

<  This  may  have  been  on  the  morning  of  October  second.  The  various  authorities  differ  about  events  of  the 
two  days. 

■■  Hamilton  wrote  on  this  jioint  :  "The  moment  he  had  been  guilty  of  so  nmcli  frailty  I  should  have  ceased  to 
esteem  him.  It  was  jiroposed  to  me  to  suggest  it,  but  I  knew  I  should  have  forfeited  his  esteem  by  doing 
it,  nnd  therefore  declined  it.     As  a  man  of  honor  he  could  not  but  reject  it." 

•  A  very  interesting  but  indermite  stateinenl  is  made  by  some  authorities,  on  the  strength  of  stateineiits  by  some 
unnamed  British  officers,  on  their  return  to  Kngland,  after  the  war,  that  Arnold  offered  to  go  to  the 
.American  camp  and  surrender  himself  for  Andre.  Clinton's  reply  is  said  to  have  been  :  "  Your  offer.  Sir, 
does  yon  great  honor,  but  if  Andrd-  were  my  own  brother,  1  could  not  consent  to  it."  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  so  interesting  an  item  is  not  definite  enough  to  be  available  as  history.  "  That  night,  page  65. 


3i      = 


65 

New  York,  Sept.  .^o,  1780. 
Sir,— From  your  Excellency's  letter  of  this  date  I  am  i)ersiia(lt(l  the  Hoard  of 
General  officers,  to  whom  you  referred  the  case  of  Major  Andre,  can't  have  l)een  rijjlitly 
informed  of  all  the  circumstances  on  which  a  judgment  ouRlit  to  Ix-  formed.  I  think  it  of 
the  highest  moment  to  humanity  that  your  ICxcellency  should  l)e  jjcrfectly  apprized  of  the 
state  of  this  matter,  before  you  proceed  to  put  that  judgment  in  execution. 

For  this  reason  I  shall  send  His  Uxcellency  Lieut.  General  Robert.son,  and  two 
other  gentlemen,  to  give  you  a  true  stati  (sir)  of  facts,  and  to  declare  to  vou  my 
sentiments  and  resolution.  They  will  .set  out  to-morrow  as  early  as  the  wind  and  tide 
will  permit,  and  will  wait  near  Dobhs's  ferry  for  your  permission  and  .safe  conduct,  to 
meet  your  Excellency,  or  such  per.sous  as  you  may  appoint,  to  converse  with  them  011 
this  subject. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  etc.,  etc., 

H.  Clinto.v. 
P.  S.    The  Hon.   Andrew  KUiot,   ICs<|.,  Lieut.   Governor,  and  the   Hon.   William 
vSniith,    Chief    ju.stice   of    this    i)rovince,    will    attend    His    ICxcellency    Lieut.    Gener.il 
Robert.son. 

H.  C. 
His  Excellency 

General  Washington. 

The  cxecutiou  was  coiisequentlj'  postponed  until  the  next  day  —  October 
second' — and  Robertson,  Elliot  and  Smith  arrived  in  a  flag  vessel  —  the  schooner 
Greyhound.  Robertson  alone,  as  a  soldier,  was  allowed  to  land,  and  met  Greene, 
as  Washington's  representative,  who  forestalled  any  lengthy  discussion  by  saying, 
"  Let  us  understand  our  position  :  I  meet  you  only  as  a  private  gentleman,  not  as 
an  officer,  for  the  case  of  an  acknowledged  spy  admits  of  no  discussion."  As 
nothing  was  produced  which  Greene  deemed  material  to  the  point,  Robertson 
proposed  that  Rochambeau  and  Kn)'phausen  should  be  appointed  a  committee  to 
decide.  This  was  naturally  refused,  and  then,  apparently  as  a  last  resort, 
Robertson  produced  a  letter  from  Arnold,  addressed  to  Washington  : 

New  York,  October  i,  1780. 

Sir, — The  polite  attention  shown  by  your  Excellency  and  the  Gentlemen  of  your 
family  to  Mrs.  Arnold,  when  in  distress,  demands  my  grateful  acknowledgment  and 
thanks,  which  I  Ijeg  leave  to  present. 

From  your  Excellency's  letter  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  I  find  a  Board  of  General 
officers  have  given  it  as  their  opinion  that  Major  Andre  comes  under  the  description  of  a 
spy.     My  good  opinion  of  the  candor  and  justice  of  those  Gentlemen  leads  me  to  believe 

'  That  night,  Aiulr^'s  sister,   in  England,  dreamed  of  hi,s  arrest  and  execution.     Tlie  story  is  told  at   length  in 

Ainsuvrlh's  Magazine,  but  has  since  been  denied  in  Notes  and  Qiicric.i. 
1  On  the  same  day  Arnold's  resignation  of  his  commission  was  received  by  Washington  : 

New  York,  October  i,  1780. 
Sir, — I  take  this  opportunity  to  inform  your  Excellency  that  I  consider  myself  no  longer  acting  under 
the  commission  of  Congress.    Their  la.st  to  me  being  among  my  papers  at  West-point,  you.  Sir,  will  make 
such  use  of  it  as  you  tlunk  proper. 

At  the  same  time,  I  beg  leave  to  assure  your  excellency  that  my  attachment  to  the  true  interest  of 
my  country  is  in\ariable.  and  that  I  am  actuated  by  the  same  principle  which  has  ever  been  the  governing 
rule  of  my  conduct,  in  this  unhappy  contest. 

I  have  the  honour,  itr.,  etc., 

B.  Arnold. 


66 

tliat  if  they  had  Ikcii  uiadc  fully  acquainted  with  every  circumstance  relating  to  Major 
Andr6,  that  they  would  by  no  means  have  considerei'.  him  in  the  light  of  a  spy,  or  even  of 
a  prisoner.  In  justice  to  him,  I  think  it  my  duty  to  declare,  that  he  came  from  on  board 
the  I'lilliire  at  my  particular  request,  by  a  flag  sent  on  puqxjse  for  him  by  Joshua  Smith, 
lvs<i.,  who  had  j)ermission  to  go  to  Dobbs's  ferry  to  carry  letters,  and  for  other  purposes 
not  mentioned,  and  to  return.  This  was  done  as  a  blind  to  the  spy-boats  ;  Mr.  Smith  at 
the  same  time  had  my  private  directions  to  go  on  Ixjard  the  Vulture,  and  bring  on  shore 
Colonel  Robinson  or  Mr.  John  Anderson,  which  is  the  name  I  had  requested  Major  Andr6 
to  assume.  At  the  .same  time  I  desired  Mr.  Smith  to  iuforni  him,  that  he  should  have  my 
protection,  and  a  safe  passport  to  return  in  the  same  boat,  as  soon  as  our  business  was 
completed.  As  several  accidents  intervened  to  prevent  his  tieing  sent  on  board,  I  gave 
him  my  passport  to  return  by  land.  Major  Andre  came  on  shore  in  his  uuiform  (without 
disguise)  which  with  much  reluctance,  at  my  particular  and  pressing  instance,  he 
exchanged  for  another  Coat.  I  furnished  him  with  a  horse  and  saddle,  and  pointed  out 
the  route  by  which  he  was  to  return,  and  as  commanding  officer  in  the  department,  I  had 
an  undoubted  right  to  transact  all  these  matters ;  which  if  wrong.  Major  Andre  ought  by 
no  means  to  suffer  for  them. 

But  if,  after  this  just  and  candid  representation  of  Major  Andre's  case,  the  Board 
of  General  officers  adhere  to  their  former  opinion,  I  shall  supjxjse  it  dictated  by  pa.ssion 
and  resentment ;  and  if  that  Gentleman  .should  suffer  the  severity  of  their  sentence,  I  shall 
think  myself  bound  by  every  tie  of  duty  and  honour  to  retaliate  on  such  unhappy  persons 
of  your  army  as  may  fall  within  my  power,  that  the  respect  due  to  flags,  and  to  the  law  of 
nations  may  be  better  understood  and  observed.  I  have  further  to  observe,  that  forty 
of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  South  Carolina  have  justly  forfeited  their  lives,  which  have 
hitherto  been  spared  by  the  clemency  of  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who  cannot 
in  justice  extend  his  mercy  to  them  any  longer,  if  Major  Andr6  suffers  ;  which  in  all 
probability  will  open  a  scene  of  blood  at  which  hinnanily  will  revolt. 

Suffer  me  to  entreat  your  Excellency,  for  your  own  and  the  honour  of  humanity, 
and  the  love  you  have  of  justice,  that  you  suffer  not  an  unjust  sentence  to  touch  the  life 
of  Major  Andr6. 

But  if  this  warning  be  disregarded,  and  he  suffer,  I  call  heaven  and  earth  to 
witness,  that  yr    r  Excellency  will  be  justly  answerable  for  the  torrent  of  blood  that  may 

be  spilt  in  co  ,,  ;queucc. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  etc.,  etc., 

B,  Arnold. 
His  Excellency 

General  Washington. 

Surely  a  more  remarkable  jumble  of  brazen  avowal  of  treason,  pleading, 
threats  and  hypocrisy,  was  never  written  —  and  this  by  the  man  who  had  attacked 
Quebec,  saved  the  day  at  Saratoga,  nearly  captured  Tryon  at  Danbury  (Compo), 
saved  from  want  the  children  of  Warren,  and  for  five  years  been  intimately 
associated  with  the  very  men  he  now  declares  to  be  "actuated  by  passion  or 
resentment ! " 

If  he  really  expected  it  to  help  Andre,  he  was  singularly  deficient  in 
knowledge  of  the  man  he  addressed.'    Sparks  well  says  :  "  It  is  hardly  possible  that 

•  Sargent  thinks  it  did  not  reach  Washington  until  after  the  execution. 


1 

■    V          ■  V 

.  .  "  '^ : 

'...         _ 

>     J^^^^ 

1 

•  .               V    '■ 

iliA 

np 

.  ■f.'P'-   ■> 

/^ 

fBOM  AN  UNPUBllfiMED  PORTHAIT   BY   TBuMBUlt. 

FROM  THE  FR0S8ARD  COLLECTION,  BY  PEHMISSIOft  OF  *IIIIAM  MACBETH     N. 


67 

it  could  have  been  read  by  Clinton,  although  written  at  his  request  with  a  view 
of  operating  on  the  judgment  and  clemency  of  Washington."  Marbois  says 
Greene  contemptuously  let  it  fall  on  the  ground  at  Robertson's  feet.  Notwith- 
standing, the  shrewd  Scotchman  told  him  he  would  stay  aboard  the  (hevltound 
all  night,  and  expressed  his  hope  that  Andre  would  be  released  the  next  day,  or 
at  any  rate  saved  from  death,  on  Greene's  statement  to  his  chief  of  Robertson's 
arguments.  The  sincerity  of  his  belief,  unfounded  as  it  was,  appears  in  the 
letter  he  wrote  Clinton  that  very  day.'  While  these  efforts  were  making  to  save 
him,  Andre,  recalling  Tallmadge's  warning  of  his  fate,  wrote  to  Wasliington  the 
letter  which  N.  P.  Willis  afterwards  paraphrased  in  verse,'  and  which  remains  to 
this  day  a  model  of  manly  feeling,'  tersely  and  forcibly  expressed  by  one  who, 
feeling  himself  within  one  day  of  death,  was  yet  only  solicitous  about  its  mode : 

1  OfF  Dobbs'  Kerr) , 

I  October. 

Sir, — On  coming  to  anchor  here,  I  sent  Murray  on  shore,  who  soon  returned  with  notice  that  General 
Green  was  ready  to  meet  me,  but  would  not  admit  a  conference  with  the  other  two  gentlemen. 

I  paid  ray  compliments  to  his  character,  and  expressed  the  satisfaction  I  had  in  treating  with  him  in 
the  cause  of  my  friend,  the  two  armies,  and  humanity.  He  said  he  could  not  tru.at  with  me  as  an  oflicer  — 
that  Mr.  W'asliington  had  permitted  him  to  meet  me  as  a  gentleman,  but  the  case  of  an  acknowlc<lf;cd  spy 
admitted  no  opportunity  of  discussion.  I  .said  that  a  knowledge  of  facts  was  necessary  to  direct  a  CkMieral's 
judgment  ;  that  in  whatever  character  I  was  (received)  I  hoped  he  would  represent  what  I  said  candidly  to 
Mr.  Washington.  I  laid  before  him  the  facts  and  Arnold's  assertion  of  Mr.  Andre's  beinK  under  a  Hag  of 
truce  and  disguised  by  his  order.  He  showed  me  a  low-spirited  letter  of  AndriJ's  saying  that  he  had  not 
landed  under  a  flag  of  truce,  and  lamenting  his  being  taken  in  a  mean  disgui.se.  He  expresses  this  in 
language  that  admits  it  to  be  criminal.  I  told  him  that  Andr^  stated  facts  with  truth,  but  reasoned  ill 
upon  them  ;  that  whether  a  flag  was  flying  or  not,  was  of  no  moment.  He  landed  and  acted  as  directed 
by  their  General.     He  said  they  would  believe  Andrd  in  preference  to  Arnold.  *  *  *  » 

Green  said  one  thing  would  satisfy  them  —  they  e.ipected  if  Andrd  was  set  free,  .\rnold  should  he 
given  up.  This  I  answered  with  a  look  only  which  threw  Green  into  confusion.  I  am  persuaded  Andr^ 
will  not  be  hurt. 

Believe  me.  Sir,  etc.,  etc.,  etc., 

JAMKS  ROBF.RT.SON. 
(The  omitted  portions  correspond  with  the  general  narrative,  hence  are  omitted  as  repetitions. )     His  a.ssertion 
about  surrendering  Arnold  is  almost  certainly  pure  invention.     Greene  repelled  his  intimation  that  I.ieul. 
Governor  Gadsden  and  other  .South  Carolina  prisoners  might  be  retaliated  upon. 

2  Willis  wrote  : 

It  is  not  the  fear  of  death 

That  ilamps  my  brow  ; 
It  is  not  for  another  breath 

I  ask  thee  now. 
I  can  die  with  a  lip  unstirred 

And  a  quiet  heart  — 
Let  but  this  prayer  be  heard 

Ere  I  depart. 

I  can  give  up  my  mother's  look  — 

My  sister's  kiss ; 
I  can  think  of  love  —  yet  brook 

A  death  like  this  ! 
I  can  give  up  the  young  fame 

I  burn'd  to  win  ; 
All  —  but  the  spotless  name 

I  glory  in. 

Thine  is  the  power  to  give. 

Thine  to  deny  ; 
Joy  for  the  hour  \  live. 

Calmness  to  die. 
By  all  the  brave  should  cherish. 

By  my  dying  breath, 
I  ask  that  I  may  perish 

By  a  soldier's  death.  8  Sargent  says,  page  68. 


68 

October  I. 
Sir, — P.iioyed  above  the  terror  of  death  by  the  consciousness  of  a  life  devoted  to 
honoiiraMi;  pursuits,  and  stained  with  no  action  that  can  give  me  remorse,  I  trust  that  the 
re(|ni.st  I  niaki-  to  your  excellency  at  this  serious  period,  and  which  is  to  soften  ray  last 
moments,  will  not  l)e  rejected.  vSympathy  towards  a  soldier  will  surely  induce  your 
excellency,  and  a  military  tribunal,  to  adopt  the  mode  of  my  death  to  the  feelings  of  a 
man  of  honour.  Let  me  hope.  Sir,  if  aught  in  my  character  impresses  you  with  esteem 
towards  me,  if  aught  in  my  misfortunes  marks  me  as  the  victim  of  policy  and  not  of 
resentment,  i  shall  exr)ericnce  the  oiK-ration  of  these  feelings  in  your  breast  by  being 
informed  I  am  not  to  die  on  a  gibl^et.' 

I  have  the  honour,  etc.,  etc.. 

John  A.NnRfc. 

From  Wa.sliington's  .silence  in  regard  to  it  Andre  nui.st  have  inferred  a 
refnsal,  at  fir.st,  a.s  i.s  .shown  by  his  letter  to  his  friend  Lieutenant  Colonel 
William  Croshie,  22d  Regiment,  in  New  York  :" 

The  manner  in  which  I  am  to  die  at  fust  gave  me  some  slight  uneasiness;  but  I 
instantly  recollected  ihat  it  is  the  crime  alone  tliat  makes  any  mode  of  punishment 
ignominious  —  and  I  could  not  think  an  attempt  to  put  an  end  to  a  civil  war,  and  to  stop 
the  effusion  of  human  l)lood,  a  crime. 

From  his  subsequent  words,  it  would  seem  that  die  impression  had  given 
])lace  to  a  belief  that  his  request  would  be  granted. 

The  morning  of  the  eventful  second  of  October  brought  no  message  of 
comfort  to  the  waiting  Robertson,  but  a  note  from  Greene  consej-ed  the  news  that 
the  execution  would  not  be  further  delayed  : 

Camp,  Tappan, 

2  October. 
Sir, — Agreeably    to   your   request,    I    connnunicated    lO   General    Wa.shington  the 
substance  of  your  conversation,  with  all  the  particulars,  as  far  as  my  memory  served  me. 
It  made  no  alteration   in   his  opinion  and   determination.     I   need  .say  no   more,  after  what 
you  have  already  been  informed. 

Robertson,  as  a  last  hope,  wrote  again  to  Washington  : 

Greyhound  Schooner, 

Flag  of  Truce, 
Dobbs's  Ferry, 

October  3,  1780. 
Sir, — A  note  I    had  from   General   Greene   leaves  me  in  doubt  if  his  memory  had 
.served  him,  to  relate  to  you  with  exactness  the  sub.stance  of   the  conversation  that  had 
passed  l)etween  him  and  myself  on  the  subject  of  Major  Andr6.     In  an  affair  of  so  much 


■'  S.nrnciit  savs  he  remarked  :  "  Since  it  is  my  lot  to  die,  there  is  still  a  choice  in  the  mode  which  would  make  a 
material  difTerencc  ti  mv  feelings,  anil  1  would  be  happv,  if  possible,  to  he  iiulnlj^ed  with  a  professional 
ilcath." 

I  On  the  morninj.;  of  the  second,  Hamilton  wrote  to  Miss  Schuyler ; 

Ivverythiu);  that  is  amiable  in  virtue,  in  fortitude,  in  delicate  .sentiments,  and  accomplished 
maimers,  plead  for  him  :  but  hard-hearted  policy  calls  for  a  .sacrifice.  He  must  die.  I  must  inform  you 
that  I  lilted  a  ciuupliance  with  his  request  to  he  shot,  and  I  do  not  think  it  would  have  had  an  ill  effect, 
but  .some  people  arc  only  seasilile  to  motives  of  policy,  and  somclimes,  from  a  narrow  di.sposition  - 
mistake  it. 

-  This  was  taken  to  New  York  bv  I.auiic,  after  the  CTecutinn. 


II.  1> 

<  — 

•u."  ; 

0.  ^ 


O 


69 

consequence  to  my  friend,  to  the  two  armies,  and  Intnianity,  I  would  leave  no  (wssiliility 
of  a  misunderstanding,  and  therefore  take  the  lil)erty  to  reix;at  the  substance  of  what  I  said 
to  General  Greene. 

I  offered  to  prove  by  the  evidence  of  Colonel  Robinson  and  the  officers  of  the 
V'liHttre,  that  Major  Andre  went  on  shore  at  General  Arnold's  desire,  in  a  lioat  sent  for 
him  with  a  flag  of  truce  ;  that  he  not  only  came  ashore  with  the  knowledge  and  under  the 
protection  of  the  General  who  connnanded  in  the  district,  but  that  he  t(K)k  no  step  while 
on  shore  but  by  direction  of  General  Arnold,  as  will  apjHjar  by  the  enclosed  letter  from 
him'  to  your  Kxcellency. 

Under  these  circumstances  I  could  not,  and  hojied  you  would  not,  consider  Major 
Andr6  as  a  spy,  for  any  improjxjr  piirase  in  his  letter  to  you. 

The  facts  he  relates  corrcsixand  with  the  evidence  I  offer ;  but  he  admits  a  con- 
clusion that  does  not  follow.  The  change  of  cloaths  and  name  was  ordered  by  General 
Aniold,  under  whose  direction  he  ncces.sarily  was,  while  within  his  command. 

As  General  Greene  and  I  did  not  agree  in  opinion,  I  wi.shed  that  'lisinterested 
gentlemen  of  knowledge  of  the  law  of  war  and  nations,  might  be  asked  their  opinion  on 
the  subject ;  and  mentioned  Monsieur  Knyphausen  and  General  Rochanibault. 

I  related  that  a  Captain  Robinson  had  been  delivered  to  .Sir  Henry  Clinton  as  a 
spy,  and  undoubtedly  was  such  ;  but  that  it  Ix;ing  signified  to  him  that  you  were  desirous 
that  this  man  should  be  exchanged,  he  had  ordered  him  to  be  exchanged. 

I  wished  that  an  intercourse  of  such  civilities  as  the  rules  of  war  might  admit  of, 
might  take  off  many  of  its  horrors.  I  admitted  that  Major  Andre  had  a  great  share  of 
Sir  Henry  Clinton's  esteem,  and  that  he  would  be  infinitely  obliged  by  his  lilK'ratiou  ;  and 
that  if  he  was  permitted  to  return  with  me,  I  would  engage  to  have  any  per.son  you  would 
be  pleased  to  name,  set  at  liberty.  I  added  that  Sir  Henry  Clinton  had  never  put  to 
death  any  person  for  a  breach  of  the  rules  of  war,  though  he  had,  and  now  has,  many  in 
his  power.  Under  the  pre.sent  circumstances,  much  good  might  arise  from  humanity, '-' 
much  iU  from  want  of  it.  If  that  could  give  any  weight,  I  beg  leave  to  add,  that  your 
favorable  treatment  of  Major  Andr^  will  be  a  favor  I  should  be  ever  intent  to  return  to 
any  you  hold  dear.  My  memory  does  not  retain  with  the  exactness  I  could  wish,  the 
words  of  the  letter  General  Greene  showed  me  from  Major  Andre^  to  your  l'<xcelleiicy. 
For  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  .satisfaction,  I  beg  you  will  order  a  Copy  of  it  to  lie  sent  iiie  at 
New  York. 

I  have  the  honour,  etc. ,  etc. , 

J.\MKS    ROBERT.SON. 

His  Excellency 

General  Wa.shington. 

The  signing  of  Andre's  death   warrant  is   said  to   have  cost  Washington 
great  distress,  and  as  the  hour  of  noon  approached  he  ordered  the  window  blinds 

1  This  is  vague,  but  most  probably  refers  to  the  Arnold  letter  refused  by  Greene. 

2  The  efforts  made  to  sn\e  Aiidrd  did  credit  to  his  friends,  hut  the  writers  of  the  several  letters,  in  their  frequent 

references  to  "humanity"  seem  to  have  altogether  forgotten  a  fact  which  none  of  their  antagonists  ever 
could  —  that  thousands  of  American  prisoners  were  then  languishing  ami  dying  of  starvation  in  the 
I)risons  —  and  particularly  the  prison  ships  —  of  New  York  and  Charleston,  (if  the  persons  we  have  met 
during  our  .story,  Paulding  had  twice  been  a  prisoner,  and  was  soon  to  lie  sucli  for  the  thinl  time  ;  Captains 
Boyd,  Van  Dyk  and  I'oote  al.so,  had  been  prisoners;  Adjutant  Iloogland  had  been  captured  at  the  b.ittle  of 
Long  Island,  and  had  suffered  on  one  of  the  i)rison  ships ;  and  doubtless  others  of  whom  1  have  less 
information,  had  had  more  or  less  taste  of  British  jails.  Whili.  such  facts  could  not  affect  the  treatment  of 
Andr(5,  references  to  "humanity"  were  in  singularly  bad  taste  at  a  time  when  Cunningham  was  almost 
nightly  hanging  prisoners  without  trial,  and  Wxe  Jersey  was  a  floating  hell, 
s  That  of  October  ist,  asking  that  he  might  be  shot. 


70 


of  liis  room  to  be  closed,  thnt  lie  might  not  see  tlie  hill,  where  a  large  crowd  had 
already  assemhlcd.'  Never  since  has  Tappan  had  an  assemblage  of  equal  size. 
"  Many  hundreds,  if  not  thousands  "-  were  present.  General  Glover  was  officer 
of  the  da}-,  while  Colonel  Joseph  Cilley,  of  the  First  New  Hampshire,  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Henry  Dearborn,  of  the  same  regiment.  Major  Peter  Harwood,  S'xth 
Massachusetts,  and  Major  Thomas  Pettingill,  Ninth  Ma.ssachusetts,  were  the  otnevs 

of  the  day's  detail,  as 
shown  by  Green':''s 
orderly-book,  in  still 
perfectly  distinct 
handwriting. 

Early  in  the 
morning,  without 
the  aiiil  of  a  mirror, 
Andre  made  the 
pen-and-ink  sketch 
of  himself,  which  is 
now  owned  b}'  Yale 
College.  This  he 
gave  to  an  officer  of 
the  guard,  Ensign 
Tonilinson,''  of  the 
Ninth  Connecticut 
(Webb's).  At  eight 
he  breakfasted,  and 
then,  having  appar- 
entl}-  been  a  second  time  notified  of  the  hour  for  execution,  by  Colonel  Scammcll, 
heard  it  with  calmness.  His  servant  being  overcome  with  grief,  he  turned  to  him, 
saying :  "  Leave  me  until  you  can  show  j-our- 
sclf  more  manly.'"    Having  shaved,  dressed  /D/^ 

himself  in  his  uniform  and  packed  his  two     ( — "i  jZ     _      X^  ^ i_         ^ 

trunks,  he  gave  the  keys  to  Launc,  with 

directions  where  to  take  them  in  New  York,  and  then,  turning  to  Ensign'  Samuel 

Bowman,    Third    Massachusetts,    and   Captain   John    Hughes,   of    the    Congress 

'  III  spite  of  some  denials,  I  ani  inclined  to  think  Andr^  couUl  have  seen  the  gibbet  from  his  window  ;  for  Greene, 
writing  that  morning  to  Governor  William  Greene,  of  Rhode  Island,  says  :  "The  gallows  is  erected  in  full 
view  of  the  place  where  I  am  writing  "  (presumably  his  headquarters).  However,  it  is  certain  Andr^  did 
not  see  it  until  the  escort,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  hill,  wheeled  to  the  left  and  thus  came  in  sight  of  it. 
Captain  Partridge  also  says  the  hill  could  be  seen  from  .^ndr^-'s  room.  There  are  too  many  trees  now  for  it  to 
be  visible. 

"  Russell.    See  page  73. 

:<  Jabez  H.  Tomllnson.  (Not  Jabez  L.,  as  Lossing  has  it.)  He  was  born  in  Stratford,  Conn.,  December  24, 
1760,  and  died  there  January  14,  1^49.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  17S0,  and  was  a  captive  in  the 
Old  Sugar  House  for  a  long  time.  The  cane  he  is  shown  as  holding  was  made  from  wood  of  his  prison 
hou.se.  I  am  indebted  to  his  great-granddaughter,  Mrs.  A.  B.  Fairchild,  of  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  for  his 
portrait  — the  only  one  made,  and  never  before  reproduced.  ••  This  may,  6  Samuel  Bowman,  page  71. 


FROM    THE    OfllGlNAL    B¥    TdUMBULL. 


7' 

Regiment  —  Second  Ciniadian  —  who  liad  l)een  in  constant  attendance  on  liini  fi.r 
twenty-fonr  lioiirs,  said  :  "Gentlemen,!  am  now  lead}- to  obey  3'onr  call ;'"  or,  as 

another  authority  has  it,  "  I 
am  ready  at  any  time,  gentle- 
men, to  wait  on  you." 
h;ul    meanwhile  been    filled   with    about 


Ja^.      /$4./^^ 


l^o^ 


The  street  in  front  of  the  tavern 
five  hundred  troops.  Captain  ,)ohn 
Van  Dyk,-'  of  Lamb's  (Second) 
Artillerj',  with  another  officer,'' 
were  standing  on  either  side  the 
stoop  as  the  door  opened,  and 
Bowman  and  Hughes  appeared 
with  the  ])risoner,  "pale  as  death, 
but  tranquil  and  calm."  Dressed, 
as  he  was,  in  the  rich  uniform 
of  a  British  stafT-officer,'  he  must 
have  presented  an  ajjpearance  in 
striking  contrast  to  the  Continen- 
tals. Van  Dyk  walked  on  the  left 
of  his  left-hand  officer.^'  As  the 
drums  and  fifes  began  to  play," 
he  composed! J'  said:  "I  am  very 
much  surprised  to  find  your 
troops  under  so  good  discipline, 
and  your   music    is   excellent." 


/}--^^;^^A-^^~^^y»^  ^tS>. 


*  This  may  have  been  on  the  previous  day.    Thacher,  Sargent  and  others  are  at  variance  atiout  events  on  tliese 

days, 
l-  Samuel  Bowman  was  born  in  Lexington,  Mass.,  Deci;ml)er  2,  1753.     He  was  one  of  the  miniile-mei  at  the 
Lexington  fight,   and  in  January,   1776,  enli.sled  in   the  Third  Mas.sachusetts,  whence  he  was  afli. -wards 
transferred  to  the  First,  and  promotui  to  be   lieutenant.     He  sensed   througlmut   the  war,   and  in   17X6 
removed  to  Wilkes  Barre,  Penn.    In  179)  he  was  in  arms  again,  on  occasion  of  the  "  Whiskey  insurrection  " 

—  and,  in  1799-1800,  was  a  captain  in  the  Eleventh  IT.  S.  Infantry  of  the  "  Provisional  .\rniy,"  which  wiis 
disbanded  in  x).  Singular  to  relate,  this  veteran  soldier,  who  liad  pas.sed  unhurt  through  eiglit  years' 
warfare,  inei  ids  death  in  sight  of  his  own  house,  by  being  gored  by  a  savage  bull,  June  25,  1S18.  Hon. 
Charles  Miner,  the  historian,  of  Wilkes  Barre,  described  him  as  "a  man  sini]>Te  in  heart  and  of  (as)  kindly 
affection  as  I'licif  Toby  himself,  yet  sensible  and  well-infonneil." 

Although  he  is  usually  called  Captain,  the  records  do  not  give  him  that  rank  in  1780. 

His  eldest  son,  Lieutenant  Colonel   Alexander  H.   Bowman,   of  the  Engineers,  was  Superintendent  of  We.st 
Point,  in  1863,  and  another  .son,  Charles  S.,  was  CapUiin  and  Brevet  Major  of  Cavalry. 
■  Bowman. 

-  John  Van  Dyk  was  born  in  New  York  in  1753,  and  dieil  there  February  28,  1840.     He  w.is  a  member  of 
Colonel  John  Lasher's  New  York  Minute  Men  (t'le  .same  regiment  to  which  Captain   Hoogland  —  see  iiiili' 

—  belonged)  in  1775,  and  when  tin-  British  fleet  was  confronting  New  York,  in  1776,  he  assisted  .Mexauder 
Hamilton  to  remove  the  cannon  from  the  Battery.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed  to  Landi's  Artillery, 
where  he  remained  through  tlie  war.  For  many  years  afterwards  he  was  employed  in  the  Custom  Hou.se 
at  New  York.     It  is  a  coincidence  that  his  old  connnander,  Colonel  Lamb,  was  the  Collector  of  the  Port. 

For  his  portrait  I  am  indebted  to  his  great  great-grandson.  Dr.  Harold  .\.  Meeks,  of  Meriden,  Conn. 
•1  Probably  Captain  Fbenezer  Smith. 

*  With  the  exception  of  sash,   gorget,   sword   and   spurs.     Darley's  drawing  is  historically  wrong  in  showing 

spurs,  and  also,  I  think,  in  showing  three-cornered  hat.  As  a  .staff-officer,  he  would  wear  a  cocked  hat 
but  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  authentic  representation  of  one  of  the  period. 

^>  It  has  been,  "  Van  Dyk  says,  page,  72. 


72 

The  road  which  the  procession  took  makes  a  right  angle  to  the  west,  a  few  yards 
north  of  the  tavern.     The  whole  distance  to  the  place  of  execution  is  exactly  half 

a  mile,  and  the  spot  is  almost  ex- 
actly due  west  of  the  building.' 

Greene  and  the  other  gen- 
eral officers,  mounted,  were  drawn 
up  in  litie  beside  the  road;  and  to 
them,  particularly  to  his  judges, 
the  prisoner  raised  his  cocked  hat 
as  he  passed.  Washington  and 
his  staff  were  alone  absent,  and 
Russell"  notes  the  prisoner's  appre- 
ciation of  the  fact.  Tallmadge 
and  Thacher  walked  close  to  him, 
as    did    also    Dr.   Timothy    Hall,' 


of  the  Fifth    Massachusetts,  who 

attended  professionally. 
Dr.  Thacher  says : 

I  was  so  near,  during  the 
solemn  march  to  the  fatal  spot, 
as  to  observe  every  movement  and 
to  participate  in  every  emotion 
the  melancholy  scene  was  calcu- 
lated to  produce  Melancholy  and 
gloom  i^ervaded  all  ranks,  and  the 
scene  was  affectingly  awful.     The 


cP^^^.^^^/ 


f'  It  has  been  very  (lifTicull  to  decide  who  were  the  four  officers ;  but  an  exhaustive  ^^earch  of  all  authorities,  and 
recent  information  received  from  descendants  of  some  of  those  concerned,  leads  me  to  decide  that  Bowman 
and  Hughes  walked  arm  in  arm  with  him,  while  Van  Dyk  was  on  Bowiuan's  left  and  Smith  on  Hughes' 
right.  Lieutenant  King  and  Captain  Allen  were  certanily  present,  and  may  have  been  close  behind  the 
group,  where  Dr.  Hall  also  probably  walked. 
"Van  Dyk  says  they  played   "lively(!)   tunes" — but  Dewees,  who  was  himself  a  fifer,  says  the  Dead  March. 

Some  names  of  the  band  have  l)een  preserved  to  us  :  Alexander  McKinley  wf «  the  Drum  Major,  and  Benjamin 
Ablxit  (who  died  iit  Nashua,  N.  H.,  in  1851 )  was  a  drummer.  "  The  late  Dr.  Horace  Green,  of  New  York, 
while  living  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  was  a  skilful  flute-player  and  frequently  played  to  plea.se  an  aged  Revolu- 
tionary soldier  there.  The  veteran  usually  wished  to  hear  a  simple  but  plaintive  air  known  as  the 
'  Bluebird,'  which  he  said  he  had  heard  played  on  the  occasion." — Henry  J.  Raymond,  iSSo. 

rdlowing  this  clue,  I  have  been  able,  through  the  kind  assistance  of  Dr.  Green's  daughter,  Mrs.  Anna  G. 
Loveland,  of  Proctor,  Vt.,  and  of  the  officials  of  the  Lenox  Library,  New  York,  to  find  a  part  of  the 
"  Bluebird."     I  am  not  aware  that  it  hiis  been  published  before. 

Kor  the  other  tune,  "  Roslin  Castle."  I  am  indebted  to  Mrs.  Arthur  H.  Dyer,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  great  great- 
granddaughter  of  Colonel  Benjamin  Hinman,  who  was  a  spectator  of  the  execution,  and  handed  down 
the  tune  to  his  descen<lants.  It  is  stated  (Harvey,  History  Lodge  61,  F.  and  A.  M.,  U^ilkes  Bane,  Pa.) 
that  "Roslin  Ca.stle"  was  usually  played  as  a  funeral  or  dead  march,  in  Washington's  army,  and  was 
played  as  especially  appropriate  when  Washington's  l-"arewell  Address  was  read  to  the  troops  at  Newburgh, 
on  their  disbandment  in  1783. 

Benjamin  Hinman  was  torn  in  Woo<lbury,  Conn.,  in  1729,  and  died  there  March  22,  iSio.  He  was  Colonel 
of  the  I'ourth  Connecticut  in  1775,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  St.  John's — where  he  may  have  met 
Andr<5.  Arnold  quarrelled  with  Ijini  at  Crown  Point  liecause  ordered  by  Massachusetts  to  obey  him. 
Subsequently  he  was  Colonel  of  the  Thirteenth  Connecticut,  and  left  the  army,  on  account  of  age  and 
ill-health,  in  January,  1777.     He  was  present  at  Tappau  as  a  spectator. 

'  Sar.  ent  makes,  -'  Benjamin  Russell,  8  Tiuiothy  Hall,  page  73. 


€^eV1LLAGE 

cr 
TAPPAN  NY 

IN   1699. 


No.  1. 
Z. 
3. 
■f. 
5. 
6 
7. 


Reformed   Church. 
Parsonage ■ 
Washington  Head<)uai-ters 

'76  Stone  House. 
West  Shore R.R- Station. 

Site  of  Andre's  Execution. 

Site  ofAnDPL's  Ohmc 


Scale:    400  FT  TO  AN  IHO 


Andre's  route  was  from  4,   North,  to  the  roa.l  to  Old  Tappan,  thence  West,  to  the  first  road, 
which  leads  to  the  place  of  execution,  marked  6. 


B»«a.«t^..«aaBi»»i^>aj«^^it«5^^ 


From  an  old  painting. 


73 

eyes  of  the  immense  miiltitiule  were  fixed  nn  liitii  who,  rising  s»i|x?rior  to  the   fears  of 

dea'.i,  apixjared  as  if  conscious  of  tile  (liKiiiruil  lUiKutiniiit  lie  ili>i)layeil.     Xot  a  iminnur 

or  a  sigh  ever  escaped  him,  and  the  civihties  and  attentions  bestowed  on  him  were  politely 

acknowledged. 

"Baldwin's"  account   says    the   p^nard    marched    in    single   file   (probably 

hollow  square  is  meant),  the  mounted  officers  first,  next  the  baggage-wagon  with 

the  black -painted  coffin,'"  next  the  officers 

on    foot,    then    Andre    himself    with    his  / 

immediate  bodyguard.     At  the  spot  where     t^J/J i?^ ay?ni'nf 

the  troops  wheeled  to  the  left  and  quitted  ^ 

the   highway  leading  to   Old  Tappan   to 

enter  the  field  to  the  south,  Clinton's  unfortunate  Adjutant  for  the  first  time  saw 
the  gallows,  and  realizing  that  his  request  for  a  "professional  death"  had  thus 
been  denied,  and  an  ignominious  end  awaited  him,  involuntarily  stopjicd  short  for 
an  instant,  overcome  by  the  shock.  The  captain  of  the  guard-'''  asked  :  "  Why  this 
emciion.  Sir?"  Thacher's  version  of  his  reply  is  the  usually-received  one:  "I  am 
reconciled  to  my  death,  but  detest  the  mode."  Bowman,  however,  who  was  certainly 
nearer  to  him  than  was  Thacher,  told  Tallmadge  in  1816,  that  his  reply  was: 

I  have  borne  everything  with  fortitude,   but  this  is  too  degrading  !     As  respects 

myself  it  is  a  matter  of  no  consequence,""^  but  I  have  a  mother  and  sister  who  will  lie  very 

much  mortified  by  the  intelligence. 

By  the  kindness  of  Miss  Ella  M.  Bowman,  of  Wilkes   Barre,  Pa.,  a  great 

great-granddaughter  of  Ensign   Bowman,  I   am   permitted  to  reproduce  an   exact 

copy  of  his  letter  to  Tallmadge,  which  differs  slightly  from  that  in  print,  and  from 

which  I  have  heretofore  quoted  : 

'  Sargent  makes  a  singular  mistake  in  saying  the  procession  pas-sed  Wasliington's  lieadquarters.  The  I)c  Windt 
house  was  east  of  the  Mabie,  and  it  was  impossible  to  pass  it  unless  a  (It-lour  was  made  for  the  purjiose. 
whicti  the  narratives  of  spectators  jirove  was  not  done.  See  tlie  map.  Wiiisor  repeats  the  error. 
The  two  little  daughters  of  Mr.  Dc  Wiiult  were  among  the  spectators.  In  old  age  one  of  them  told  I.ossing 
that  she  gave  Andr^  a  peach,  which  he  carried  awhile  and  then  gave  to  one  of  his  guard.  As  he  was 
surrounded  by  troops,  the  account  would  be  justly  regarded  as  an  invention,  had  it  not  come  froui  the  one 
concerned  in  it. 

-  Benjamin  Russell  was  Imrii  in  Boston,  Septeml>er  13,  1761,  and  died  there  January  4,  1845.  At  seventeen, 
while  an  apprentice  to  Isaiah  Thomas,  a  printer  of  Worcester,  the  latter  was  drafted  for  military  service. 
The  youth  volunteered  in  his  stead,  and  was  present  at  Aiulr^'s  execution,  as  a  private  in  the  Worcester 
militia. 
He  was  the  first  American  "war  correspondent,"  as  he  siij)plied  news  to  the  Worcester  ."yVy  during  his  six 
months'  enlistment.  After  the  war  he  founded  the  Colinnhiaii  CenlincI,  of  Boston,  and  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  the  chief  spirit  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanic  Asso- 
ciation.    He  was  the  originator  of  the  word  "Gerrymander." 

:i  Timothy  Hall  was  born  in  North  Brookfield,  Ma.ss.,  June  4,  ly.sS.  In  1776  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Connecticut  militia,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  IvOng  Islanil,  Harlem  Heights  and  White  Plains.  His 
enlistment  expiring  with  1776,  he  seems  to  have  studied  medicine  during  the  ensuing  three  years,  as  in 
February,  1780,  we  find  him  commissioned  as  Surgeon's  Mate  of  the  Kifth  Massachusetts,  Colonel  Kufiis 
Putnam.  He  served  as  such  to  January,  1781,  and  afterwards  settled  in  Kast  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he 
practiseil  his  profession  with  great  distinction  for  many  years,  and  where  he  died  August  6,  1S44. 

Ill  Considering  the  humanity  with  which  Andr<5  had  been  treated,  it  would  have  been  inconsistent  to  have  para<led 
his  coffin  before  his  face;  hence  I  doubt  this  statement,  which  I  call  "Baldwin's"  to  identify  it.  Its 
author  was  an  unnamed  private  in  Colonel  Jeduthan  Baldwin's  Massachusetts  regiment  of  Artificers 
(Artillery). 

■21)  "  An  officer  i)y  his  side." — Thacher.  Probably  Hughes  or  Smith,  as  Bowman  does  not  mention  it.  Another 
account  says  he  aske<l :  "Must  I  die  in  this  manner?" 

Sc  It  must  be  confessed  that  this  conflicts  with  his  request  to  be  shot. 


74 

He  was  rejjrievejl  until  the  2(1  COctober).     His  guard  was  then  relieved  by  Captain 

Jnlni '  of  tliL'  Con^ri'ss  rL'j;iiii<-nt.  *  *  *  We  relieved  Captain  Allen- of  RIkhIc  Island, 

by  whom  we  were  all   introduced  to  Major  Andrei.     He  requested  Captain  Hughes  and 

myself  to  remain  with  him,  to  which  we  consented.  *  *  *  Not 
a  niurnuir  escajK'd  durin  ,  the  time  I  was  with  hini ;  but  ou 
the  contrary  he  expres;<;d  himself  in  the  warmest  terms  for 
the  indulgence  he  received  from  the  court  before  whom  he 
was  tried  and  from  all  the  officers  under  whose  care  he  had 
iK'en  placed,  particularly  Major  Tallmadge.  On  tiie  morning  of  the  fatal  day  he  early 
])ul  on  his  morning-gown,  and  apjieared  very  sociable,  conversed  on  difTercut  subjects, 
never  mentioning  his  own  situation,  but  when  he  saw  us  dull  would  take  a  glass,  saying, 
"Come,  let  us  take  a  glass  of  wiue.  It  only  makes  me  feel  the  worse  to  see  your 
feelings  hurt."  Then  he  would  connuence  some  other  conversation  evidently  with 
intention  to  take  our  llioughts  from  the  situation.  *  *  *  He  took  his  hat,  put  it  on 
the  lalile,  and  said,  "  Cientlenien,  I  am  now  ready  to  obey  your  call,"  with  as  mnch 
eiiniiH)snre  as  if  he  had  d.-e.s.sed  for  a  party  of  pleasure.  I  said  I  was  sorry  we  had 
lo  separate  so  soon,  and  he  said  it  would  Ix;  the  sooner  over.  *  *  *  When  we  came  in 
siglil  of  the  gallows,  I  had  never  before  .seen  him  disturl)e(l,  but  there  was  now  evidently 
excitement,  asking  us  earnestly  whether  we  knew  the  mode  t)f  death.  We  told  him  we 
did  not,  and  seeing  yon  (Tallmadge)  at  some  distance  he  asked  if  that  were  you.  I 
answered  him  it  was.  He  requested  (leave)  to  sjieak  to  you,  and  you  can  recollect  the 
observation,  "  I  have  borne  everything  with  fortitude,''  etc. 

Van  Dyk  says  no  reply  was  made,  but  other  accotints  represent  the  officer 
as  saying :  "  It  is  unavoidable,  Sir."  "  How  hard  is  my  fate ! "  replied  the 
prisoner.  He  paused  an  instant,  and  added:  "It  will  soon  be  over"' — the 
march  was  resumed,  and  the  gallows  reached.  This  had  been  made  by  setting  up 
two  forked  trees,  with  a  third  laid  across.  It  was  unusually  high,  and  under  it 
stood  the  cart,  or  two-horse  army  baggage-wagon,'  in  which  was  the  coffin. 
Andre  waited  a  moment,  "  betraying  some  emotion,  putting  one  foot  on  a  small 
stone,  and  rolling  it  over  and  choking  in  his  throat  as  if  attempting  to  swallow.^' 
He  bowed  his  head  and  looked  at  himself  from  the  feet  upward,  for  an  instant, 
before  attempting  to  get  on  the  wagon  by  the  tail-board.  His  first  attempt 
failing,  he  said  a  few  words  to  his  servant,  who  was  standing  by  overcome  with 


'  Tins  must  l>e  Hughes. 

-  William  Allen.  He  was  iHirn  at  Uc1io1k)11i,  Mas,s.,  March  27,  1752,  ami  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  AuK»st  17,  1S15. 
He  was  Kiisigii  of  Uie  Second  Rhode  I.slaiid,  June  28,  1775;  Captain,  January  i,  1777;  was  transferred 
to  the  I'irst,  January  i,  17S1,  and  was  honoralily  discliarged,  December  25,  17S3.  In  17S6  he  w.is 
appointed  Major  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  anil  was  Drigadier  General  of  the  Rhode  Island  militia, 
1799-1801.  His  s(m,  William  Henry  Allen,  was  a  naval  officer,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  action 
lK.'tween  the  aligns  and  the  British  lirig  Pt-lican,  .August  14,  1813. 

i  Tallmadge.  His  behaviour  was  becoming  an  officer  and  a  gentleman,  and  .such  in  his  last  moments  as  drew 
tears  from  many  eyes. — Heath. 

*  Even  this  has  its  hi.story.  Such  were  then  rare  in  the  county,  and  the  local  Committee  of  Safety  had  the  duty 
of  prtK:uriug  them  —  sometimes  forcibly  —  when  needed  by  the  army.  A  farmer — Van  Ostrand  —  hid  his 
under  the  hay  in  his  barn.  Hendrick  Oblenis,  president  of  the  Committee,  found  and  seized  it.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  the  owner  refused  to  send  for  it,  sued  Oblenis  for  its  value,  was  defeated,  and  then  left  it 
to  decay  under  a  tree  behind  the  Oblenis  homestead  in  Clarkstown, — C.  M.  Oblenis,  A'yack. 

t^  Thacher. 


y 

C 


K    i 


75 

grief,  and  then,  putting  one  hand  on  the  wagon  body,  made  a  determined  spring 
and  succeeded.' 

Stepping  on  his  coffin  he  delilierately  surveyed  the  scene,  surrounded  by 
the  five  hundred  and  fifty  infantry  on  guard,-'  a  great  number  of  additional  soldiers 
and  civilian  spectators,  including,  unfortunately,  women  and  children. 

Colonel  Scammell,  as  Adjutant,  read  the  order  for  execution,  in  a  loud 
voice,  then  the  commanding  officer'— Glover— said :  "  Major  Andre,  if  you  have 
anything  to  say  you  can  speak,  for  you  have  but  a  sliort  time  to  live."  Standing 
with  hands  on  hips,  the  prisoner  bowed  to  him  and  replied  in   clear,  unfaltering 

tone  :*  ,  •  i   .  i 

I  have  nothing  more  to  say,  gentlemen,  than  this:  I  pray  yon  to  Uar  witness  that  1 

meet  my  fate  Hke  a  brave  man. 

One  account : 

All  I  request  of  you,  Rentlenieii,  is  tliat  you  will  bear  \vilnes.s— 

The  Conlincnlal  Journal^  Boston  : 

I  have  said  all  I  had  to  .say,  tefore  ;  all  I  request  of  you— 
The  hangman,  a  Tory  named  Strickland,  who  was  under  arrest,  and  had 
been  promised  liberty  for  performing  the  odious  office,  had  disguised  himself  by 
smearing  his  face  with  stuff  like  shoe-blacking,  producing  a  hideous  effect.  vSome 
of  the  .stuff  probably  adhered  to  his  hands,  for  on  approaching  Andre  he  was 
repulsed  with  the  sharp  command  :  "Take  off  your  black  hands."  Removing  his 
gold-laced  cocked-hat,  and  handing  it'  and  his  watch"  to  his  servant,  who  stood  by 
the  wagon,  he  next  took  off  his  white  neck-cloth,  and  put  it  in  his  coat-pocket,' 
unbuttoned  his  shirt-collar  and  turned  it  down.  Taking  the  noose  from  Strick- 
land's hands  he  ptit  it  over  his  head  and  drew  it  close  around  the  throat;  then, 
taking  a  handkerchief  from  his  pocket,  he  bandaged  his  eyes,  and  stood  awaiting 
death.  The  hangman  fastened  the  rope  to  the  cross-beam,"  when  the  com- 
manding officer  suddenly  ordered  Andre's  hands  to  be  tied.     Andre  immediately 

l^nionK  the  extraordinary  circumstances  that  attended  him  in  the  niidr.t  of  his  enemies,  he  died  universiilly 

esteemed.— //(j;«;//(7/i. 
i  Colonel  Israel  Shreve,  Second  New  Jersey,  commanded  the  delacliment  — .SV/rczr. 
:>  naldwin  —  but  Thacher  says  it  was  Scanmiell. 

4  He  appeared  as  little  daunted  as  John  Rogers  is  said  to  have  been  when  about  to  be  burnt  at  the  sUike.- 
Ilaliiwiii. 
Poor  Andr^  was  executed  yesterday  ;  nor  did  it  happen  without  a  tear  on  my  part.  He  was  a  rare  character. 
From  the  time  of  his  capture  to  his  last  moments,  his  conduct  was  such  as  .l.d  honor  to  the  human  racc^ 
mean  by  these  words  to  express  all  that  can  be  said  favorable  of  „,an.  'Hie  con.passjon  "f  ;^xrv  num  of 
feeling  and  sentiment  was  excited  for  him,  beyond  your  conception. -/-/<«A«aK/  ColouH  huhaid  A. 
Meade\.o  Colonel  Thcodork  Bland  Jr., Oc\.o\kx-s.  „„•-.,     i     ,.«  m  \ 

(Meade  was  one  of  Washington's  .\ids,  and  grandfather  of  Connnodore  R.  \\  .  Mc:ule.  I  .  .S.  N.) 
JoXrlow'  who  was  the,,  chaplain  of  General  Poor's  brigade  of  the  Massachusetts  hue,  "^J  «/Pf~' ''"; 
says:  "A  politer  gentlenmn,  or  a  greater  character  of  his  age,  perhaps  is  not  alive.     He  suffered  with 
calmness  and  cheerfulness." 
s  I.^M.  Sargent. 

6  J.  R.  Simms.  .      ,    .       ,,.,,,. 

T  These  trivial  details  serve  to  illustrate  how  eye-witnesses'  .accounts  differ.     One  s-ays  the  ha^  ""'^.^^f  "^^^^  Y""*^ 
laid  on  the  coffin.  '    '     •  I '  f^    '  ■ 


76 

pushed  the  handkerchief  from  his  ej-es,  t(M)k  a  second  one'  from  a  pocket,  and 
handed  it  to  Strickland,  first  replacing  the  one  over  his  eyes.  The  hangman 
having  lx)und  his  arms  behind  him  with  the  handkerchief,  for  an  instant  the 
slight  figure,  attired  in  cd.a  of  bright  scarlet  faced  with  green,  waistcoat  and 
l)rccches  of  buff,  and  toj>-b(X)ts,  stood  bareheaded,  sharply  outlined  against  the 
clear  sky  and  the  forest  covering  the  distant  hills.''  The  multitude  was  perfectly 
silent,  overcome  with  emotion.'  Then  Colonel  Scammell  signalled  the  wagoner, 
by  dropping  the  point  of  his  sword  —  the  horses  were  led  forward,  and  the 
I)inioned   figure   swung   violently^  at   the  end    of  the   rope 

There  was  happily  hardly  any  struggle — it  seemed  in  truth,  as  he  had 
anticipated,  "  only  a  momentary  pang.'"'  For  po.ssibly  half  an  lumr  the  body 
oscillated,  during  which  time  the  assembled  multitude  remained  quiet.  "  The 
chambers  of  death  were  never  stiller,""  .said  one  spectator,  in  uncon.sciously 
felicitous  phrase.  Then  the  rope  was  cut  by  the  commanding  officer  himself, 
while  two  soldiers  on  either  side  bore  up  the  body,  that  it  might  not  fall.  Laid 
on  the  ground  beside  the  open  grave,  the  uniform  was  taken  off  and  handed  to 
Laune,  who,  with  the  other  servant,  stood  by.  The  guard  was  finally  withdrawn, 
the  multitude  allowed  to  come  forward'  and  gaze  on  the  unconscious  clay  of  the 
"  darling  of  the  British  Army" — he  who  barely  a  fortnight  earlier  had  left  New 
York  on  the  mission  which  was  to,  and  .so  nearly  did,  insure  the  ruin  of  the 
patriot  cause.  "  Thus  died,"  says  Thacher,  "  in  the  bloom  of  life,  the  accom- 
plished Major  Andre,  the  pride  of  the  royal  army,  and  the  valued  friend  of  Sir 
Henry  Clinton." 

By  degrees  the  crowd  lessened,  and  when  but  a  few  remained,"  the  body 
was  wrapped  in  a  shroud"  and  decently  buried,  near  the  gallows.  Washington 
thus  reported  the  event  to  Congress  : 

"  Tliis  fni-t,  iiietitioned  only  hy  Captain  Van  Dyk,  probahly  accounts  for  Shreve's  statement  that  the  execution 

was  from  a  ladder.     The  huiyht  of  the  gallows  probahly  ohlijjed  Strickland  to  use  a  short  ladder  to  reach 

the  cross-piece  fi    "i  the  wagon. 
'  Dr.  Ilall,  who  stoo<l         ■«  to  the  wagon,  says  it  was  a  piece  of  blue  rihimn.     Thus,  again,  do  eye-witnesses 

differ  alx)ut  deti. 
2  His  personal  accomplishments,  appearance  and  t)ehavionr,  gained  him  the  good  wishes  and  opinion  of  every 

person    who  saw  him.     lie  was  perhaps  the  most  accomplisiied  officer  of  the   age  —  he   met  his  fate  in 

a   manner   which   did    honor   to   the  character  of  a   soldier. — Siamim/I  to  Colonel  Nat/ianirl   /'t'ahody, 

October  3. 
^    The  three  captors  were  among  the  spectators.     In  after  years  Van  Wart  often  shed  tears  when  describing  the 

scene. 
I  walked  with  him  to  the  place  of  execution,  and  parted  from  him  under  the  gallows,  entirely  overwhelmed 

with  grief  that  .so  gallant  an  officer  and  so  accom|>lishcd  a  gentleman  should  come  to  such  an  ignominious 

end. —  7<i//wi;(/'.'C. 
When   I   .saw  him  s\vin>;ing  under  the  gibbet,  it  seemed  for  a  time  as  if  I  could   not  support  it.     All  the 

SjK'ct.itors  .seemed  to   be  overwhelmed  by  the   affecting  spectacle,  and   many  were  suffused  with  tears. 

'Ihere  did  not  appear  to  be  one  hardened  or  indifferent  spectator  in  all  the  multitude. —  Thachei: 
*    Biildwin  describes  it  as  "  a  most  tremendous  swing,"  due  to  the  height  of  the  gallows. 
'•    Thacher. 
'■'     Italdwin. 
^    The  tears  of  thousands  fell  on  the  spot  where  he  lay. —  Thacher.  *  A  French  soldier,  "  Siuinis,  page  77. 


John  Paildinc's  Monument. 

St.   Peter's  Cliurcliyanl.   North   Teekskill. 


77 

To  the  Prusklent  of  Congress.  Paranius,  7  OctolxT. 

Sir, — I  have  the  ho-.imir  to  enclose  to  Congress  a  copy  of  »he  proceedings  of  a  lx)aril 
of  General  officers  in  the  case  of  Major  Andr6,  adjntant  general  to  the  Hritish  army. 

This  officer  was  execnted  in  pursuance  of  the  opinion  of  the  n(»ard,  on  Monday, 
the  2d  instant,  at  twelve  o'clock,  at  our  late  camp  at  Tapi)an.  He  acted  with  great 
candor,  from  the  time  he  avowed  himself  after  his  capture,  until  he  was  executed. 
Congress  will  jierceive  by  a  copy  of  a  letter  I  received  from  him  on  the  ist  in.stant,  that 
it  was  his  desire  to  lie  shot ;  but  the  practice  and  usage  of  war,  circumstanced  as  he  was, 
were  against  the  indulgence.  *  *  * 

I  have  now  the  pleasure  to  communicate  the  names  of  the  th^ce  ixjrsons  who 
captured  Major  Andr<^  and  who  refused  to  release  him,  notwithstanding  the  most  earnest 
importunities  and  assurances  of  a  lilx;ral  reward,  on  his  part.  Their  conduct  merits  our 
warmest  esteem  ;  and  I  beg  leave  to  add  that  I  think  the  public  will  do  well  to  make 
them  a  handsome  gratuity.  They  have  prevented,  in  all  ])robahiIity  our  suffering  one  of 
the  .severe.st  strokes  that  could  have  lx;en  meditated  again.st  us.  Their  names  arc  John 
Paulding,  David  Williams  and  I.saac  Van  Wart. 

I  have  the  honour,  etc.,  etc.,  G.  Washington. 
Congress  acted  on  the  suggestion,  settling  a  pension  of  $200  on  each,  and 
giving  each  a  farm  of  tw     hundred  acres  in  addition.     They  were  also  offered 
captaincies  in  the  army,  but  declined  them. 

Two  letters,  written  subsequent  to  the  event,  may  be  quoted  here,  to 
preserve  and  complete  the  continuity  of  the  narrative.  The  first  is  from  Clinton 
to  Washington.     It  was  never  sent,  news  of  the  execution  having  arrived  : 

New  York,  Oct.  4,  1780. 
Sir, — I  conceived  I  could  I'.ot  l)etter  or  more  fully  express  my  sentiments  in  answer 
to  your  Hxcellency's  letter  of  the  30th  Septeml)er  resjK'cting  Major  Andre,  tlian  by 
.sending  Lieut.  Gen.  Rol)ert.son  to  converse,  if  jxissilile,  with  you,  Sir;  or  at  least  with 
some  confidential  officer  from  you.  I  cannot  think  I<ieutenant  General  Rotjertson's 
conversation  with  General  Green  has  entirely  answered  the  purpose  for  which  I  wished 
this  meeting.  General  Green's  letter  of  the  second  instant  to  General  Rolx;rtson 
ex])resses  that  he  had  rej)eated  to  you,  Sir,' as  far  as  memory  served,  the  disi  nrse  that 
had  pas.sed  between  them,  and  that  it  had  not  produced  any  alteration  in  youi  lion  or 

determination  concerning  Major  Andre. 

"  A  French  soldier,  Pierre  Besaii(;oii,  who  came  with  Lafayette,  wa.s  probably  the  la.st  survivor  of  tho.se  present. 

He  died  at  Warsaw,  New  York,  in  1855. 
0  Simnis. 

An(lr<5  has  met  his  fate,  and  with  that  fortitude  which  was  to  be  expected  from  an  accomplished  man  and  a 

fiaUiuit  oifict:T.~-II'iis/ii»ff/(>ii  {Cordon,  Hist.  Am.  War,  ()aj;e  134 V 
Never  did  a  man  suffer  death  with  more  justice,  or  deserve  it  less.     There  was  sumelliiuK  siujjularlv  interestiiiK 

in  the  character  and  fortunes  of  .Andre.     To  an  e.xcellent  undor.standinn,  well  improved  by  eilucation  anrl 

travel,  he  united  a  peculiar  elegance  of  mind  and  manners,  and   the  advantage  of  a  pleasing  person. — 

Hamillon. 
From  the  few  davs  of  intimate  intercour.se  I  had  with  him,  I  became  so  deeply  attached  to  Major  .Xndrc  that  1 

could  remendjer  no  instance  where  my  affections  were  so  fully  ab.sorbeil  l)y  any  man.   -  Tallinadj^t'. 
He  behaved  with  .so  much  frankness  and  courage  that   I   could  not  help  lamenting  his  unhappy  fate.     It  is 

impossible  to  expres,s  too  much  respect  or  too  nuich  regret  for  Major  Andre. — l.afayrtle. 
This  brave,  accomplished  officer  was  yesterday  hanged — not  a  .•■ingle  spectator  but  ])itied  his  uniiniely  fate.— 

Scaminell. 
He  was  more  unfortunate  than  criminal. —  Wnsliiiigloii. 
The  golil  watch,  of  which  he  had  been  deprived  at  Tarrytown,  and  which  we  have  noticed  hail  been  restored  at 

Tajipan,  was  now  sold  bv  the  captors  to  Lieutenant  Colonel  Win.  S.  Smith,  Thirteenth  Mas.s;ichusetts  (one 

of  Washington's  Aids),  for  /jo.     It  was  intended  to  be  sent  to  the  family  in  England,  but  it  seems  never 

to  have  reached  them. 


78 


I  liavc,  Sir,  most  carefully  re-peruscd  your  Icttir  of  September  thirtieth,  which 
contains  iiiflecd  an  o|)ini<)ii  of  a  IJoard  of  your  General  Officers,  hut  in  no  respect  any 
opinion  or  <kterniination  of  your  'excellency. 

I  nuist  remain  therefore,  altojjether  at  a  loss  what  they  may  l)e,  until  you  are  so 
K(km1  as  to  inform  me,  which  I  make  no  doubt  of  your  I^xcellcncy's  doing  innnediately. 
I  will,  Sir,  in  the  meantime  very  freely  declare  my  sentiments  upon  this  occasion,  which 
|x>sitively  are,  that  under  no  description  Major  Andr^'  can  be  considered  as  a  spy  ;  nor  by 
any  usage  of  nations  at  war,  or  the  customs  of  armies,  can  he  l)e  treated  as  such.  That 
olTicer  went  at  Major  General  Arnold's  request  from  me  to  him,  at  that  time  in  the 
American  service  and  Commanding  officer  at  West  Point.  A  flag  of  truce  was  .sent  to 
receive  Major  Andre  with  which  he  went  on  shore  and  met  General  Arnold. 

To  this  i>eriod  he  was  acting  under  my  immediate  orders  as  a  military  man.  What 
hap]KMied  after  was  from  the  entire  direction  and  jx)sitive  orders  of  Major  General  Arnold, 
your  officer  commanding  at  West  Point  :  and  Major  Andre  travelled  in  this  way  to  New 
York,  with  pass-jwrts  from  that  American  General  Officer  who  had  an  undoubted  right  to 
grant  them.  And  here  it  may  be  necessary  to  ob.servt  '  at  Major  Andre  was  .stopjjed 
uiK)n  the  road,  and  on  Neutral  Groiuid,  and  made  a  prisoner  two  days  j)rior  to  Major 
(General   Arnohl's  ([uitting  the  American  .service  at  West   Point. 

From  all  of  which  I  have  a  right  to  a.s,sert,  that  Major  Andre  can  merely  be  con- 
sidered as  a  messenger,  and  not  as  a  spy.  He  visited  no  Posts,  made  no  Plans,  held  no 
conversation  with  any  jierson  .save  Major  General  Arnold  ;  and  the  papers  found  upon  him 
were  written  in  that  General  officer's  own  hand-writing,  who  directed  Major  Andre  to 
receive  and  dd'.ver  them  to  me. 

From  these  circumstances,  I  have  no  doubt  but  you.  Sir,  will  see  this  matter  in 
the  same  ix)int  of  view  with  me,  and  will  be  extremely  cautious  of  producing  a  precedent 
which  may  render  the  future  progress  of  this  unhappy  war  liable  to  a  want  of  that 
humanity  which  I  am  willing  to  believe  your  Excellency  jxjs.se.sses,  and  which  I  have 
always  pursued. 

I  tru.st.  Sir,  to  your  good  .sense  and  to  your  liberality,  for  a  sjieedy  release  of  Major 
Andre  who,  I  am  free  to  own,  is  an  officer  I  extremely  value  and  a  Gentleman  I  very 
sincerely  regard. 

I  enclo.se  to  you.  Sir,  a  list  of  persons,  among  whom  is  a  Gentleman  who  acted  as 
the  American  lyieutenant-Governor  of  South  Carolina.  A  discovered  con.spiracy  and 
corresjxmdence  with  General  Gates's  army,  have  been  a  rea,son  for  removing  these  persons 
from  Charlestrn  to  vSt.  Augustine.  Being  desirous  to  promote  the  release  of  Major  Andrd 
upon  any  reascmable  terms,  I  offer  to  you,  vSir,  this  Lieutenant  Govenior,  Mr.  Gadson,' 
for  my  Adjutant  General,  or  will  make  a  military  exchange  for  him  should  you.  Sir, 
prefer  it.  Lieutenant  General  Rotxrtson  in  his  report  to  me,  mentions  his  having  requested 
from  your  Ivxcellency  a  copy  of  Major  Andrei's  letter  to  you,  Sir,  upon  which  .seems 
grounded  great  matter  of  charge  against  him  —  given,  as  if  that  letter  might  be  considered 
as  confes.sion  of  his  guilt  as  a  .spy.  I  have  waited  until  this  evening  with  .some  impatience 
for  the  copy  of  the  Letter  I  mention,  not  doubting  but  your  lexcelleucy  will  send  it  to  me. 

I  have  now  to  recpiest  you  will.  Sir,  do  .so,  and  I  .shall  pay  it  every  due  considera- 
tion and  give  your  Excellency  my  answer  upon  it  immediately. 

I  have  the  honour  to  Iw,  etc., 

H.  Clinton. 


Christopher  Gadsden. 


•^  a'jL'rs'      \.^fi~-tn,^Q,Ma  ■s~t\    if»  c.   ■\^*^ 


79 

Vulture,  off  Spiken  Devil, 
October  5,  1781. 

Sir, — The  account  Colonel  Robinson  lias  given  your  ICxccllency  of  our  transactions 
during  our  late  excursion,  is  so  full  and  just  in  all  its  particulars  that  there  is  very  little 
left  for  me  to  add. 

But  as  they  have  lieen  attended  with  such  fatal  consequences  to  Major  Andre,  I 
hope  it  will  not  l)e  held  improper  if  I  beg  leave  to  submit  my  own  obscr\'ations  on  the 
subject : — at  least  so  fur  as  they  relate  to  his  leaving  the  Vulture  and  the  light  I  then  s;uv 
him  in.  Your  Excellency  has  already  lieen  informed  that  on  the  night  of  the  21st 
Septemljer  a  Mr.  Smith  came  on  Ixiard  with  a  flag  of  truce.  The  .substance  of  his  order 
was  for  himself  and  two  servants  to  pass  to  Dobbs'  Ferry  and  back  again.  He  likewise 
had  a  written  permission  to  bring  up  with  him  a  Mr.  John  Anderson  and  boy,  and  a  letter 
addres.sed  to  Colonel  Robinson :  all  of  these  pajiers  .signed  B.  Arnold.  Mo.st  of  these 
circumstances  I  had  been  previously  taught  to  expect ;  and  I  had  also  lieen  informed  that 
Major  Andrd  was  the  person  understood  by  John  Anderson,  and  that  he  was  to  go  on 
shore  under  that  name,  to  liold  a  conference  with  General  Arnold.  Mr.  Smith's  powers 
appeared  to  be  of  ifficient  authority,  and  as  Major  Andre's  going  under  a  fictitious  name 
was  at  the  particular  reciuest  of  the  officer  from  whom  they  were  derived,  I  saw  no  reason 
for  supposing  he,  from  that  circumstance,  forfeited  his  claim  to  the  protection  they  must 
otherwise  have  afforded  him.  Clear  I  am  that  the  matter  must  have  apjieared  in  the  same 
light  to  him  ;  for  had  it  not,  measures  might  have  been  concerted  for  taking  him  off 
whenever  he  plea.sed,  which  he  very  well  knew  I,  at  any  time,  was  enabled  to  accomplish. 
I  am  likewise  persuaded  that  Mr.  Smith's  ideas  perfectly  coincided  with  ours; — for  when 
on  the  point  of  setting  off  Colonel  Robinson  olwerved,  that  as  they  had  but  two  men  in  a 
large  boat,  they  would  find  some  difficulty  in  getting  on  .shore, — and  projxjsed  that  one  of 
ours  should  tow  them  in  some  part  of  the  way  :  to  which  he  objected,  as  it  might,  in  case 
of  falling  in  with  any  of  their  guard-boats,  Ije  deemed  an  infringement  of  the  flag. 

On  my  first  learning  from  Major  Andre  that  he  did  not  intend  going  on  shore  in 
his  own  name,  it  immediately  occurred  to  me,  that  an  alteration  of  dress  might  likewise 
be  necessary;  and  I  offered  him  a  plain  blue  coat  of  mine  for  that  purpose,  which  he 
declined  accepting,  as  he  said  he  had  the  Connnander  in  Chief's  direction  to  go  in  his 
uniform,  and  tiy  no  means  to  give  up  his  character,  adding,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  had 
not  the  smallest  apprehension  on  the  occasion,  and  that  he  was  ready  to  attend  Genend 
Ar.iold's  sunnnous  when  and  where  he  pleased. 

The  night  the  flag  was  first  expected,  he  expressed  much  anxiety  for  its  arrival ; 
and  all  next  day  was  full  of  fear  lest  anything  should  have  hapiK'ned  to  prevent  its 
coming.  The  in.stant  it  arrived  on  the  ensuing  night,  he  started  out  of  l)ed,  and  dis- 
covered the  greatest  impatience  to  be  gone :  nor  did  he  in  any  instance  betray  the  least 
doubt  of  his  safety  or  success.  I  own  I  was  equally  confident.  Nor  can  I  now,  on  the 
most  mature  consideration  of  circumstances,  find  the  least  reason  for  altering  my  opinion. 
What,  therefore,  could  ix)s.sibly  have  given  rise  to  so  tragical  an  event  as  has  uidiappily 
befallen  Major  Andr6  is  a  matter  of  the  utmost  surprise  and  concern  to  me. 

I  have  the  honour,  etc. ,  etc. , 

A.  Sutherland. 
To  His  Excellency 

Sir  Henry  Clinton. 


8o 

While  the  army  was  subsequently  eucaniped  at  Verplanck's  Point,  the 
captors  were  asked  to  dinner  by  Washington,  and  the  silver  medals  awarded  by 
Congress  were  presented  to  them.  Washington  also  gave  each  a  sword  and  pair 
of  pistols,  telling  them  they  "  might  expect  to  be  hunted  like  partridges."  It  is 
said  their  lives  were  more  than  once  attempted  by  Tories,  but  all  died  in  their 
beds  —  Paulding  at  Peekskill,  February  i8,  1818;  Van  Wart  at  Greenburgh, 
May  I,  1828,  and  Williams  at  Broome,  Schoharie  County,  August  2,  1830.  (A 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  at  Old  Fort,  where  he  is  buried.) 

A  curious  incident  in  connection  with  Van  Wart's  funeral  is  found  in  a 
letter  from  Edward  G.  W.  Butler,  published  in  the  New  York  Sun,  October  10, 
1879.  Butler  was  a  West  Point  graduate  and  served  in  the  Mexican  War.  His 
statement  was  that  while  a  cadet,  he  was  one  of  a  party  sent  to  bury  Van  Wart 
with  the  honors  of  war.  He  further  says  his  own  mother  was  a  cousin  of  Andre, 
"  being  a  daughter  of  the  British  grenadier  officer  who  three  times  led  the  forces 
up  Bunker  Hill.'" 

Captain  Partridge,  on  his  visit  in  1818,  found  the  gra.ve  marked  by  head 
and  foot  stones,  neither  inscribed.  These  had  disappeared  in  1850,  and  a  small 
boulder,  lettered :  "Andre  Executed,  Oct.  2,  1780,"  had  replaced  them,-' but  this 
too,  disappeared  in  the  course  of  time  before  the  Vandal's  hammer  and  chisel,  and 
for  many  years  the  spot  was  unmarked,  save  by  a  heap  of  stones. 

The  news  of  the  execution  produced  a  great  effect  on  Clinton  and  his 
army."'     Clinton  thus  announced  the  event: 

Head  Quarters,  New  York,  October  8. 
The  Conunander  in  Chief  does  with  infinite  regret  inform  the  army  of  the  death  of 
the  Adjutant  Cieneral,  Major  Andre.  The  unfortunate  fate  of  this  officer  calls  upon  the 
Commander-in-chief  to  declare  that  he  ever  considered  Major  Andr^  a  gentleman  as  well 
as,  in  the  line  of  his  military  profession,  of  the  highest  integrity  and  honor,  and  incapable 
of  any  base  action  or  unworthy  conduct.  Major  Andre's  death  is  very  severely  felt  by 
the  Connnander-in-chief ,  as  it  a.ssuredly  will  lie  by  the  army  ;  and  must  prove  a  real  loss 
to  the  country  and  to  His  Majesty's  service. 

Andre's  commission  was  sold,  as  he  had  requested,  by  Clinton,  for  the 
benefit  of  his  mother  and  sisters.  George  HI.  gave  _;^  1,000  to  his  mother  and  a 
pension  of  ;^300  was  settled  on  his  sisters  (the  last  of  whom  died  single  in  1845). 
The  King  also  ordered  the  army  to  wear  mourning,  and  caused  a  monument'  to  be 
erected  in  the  South  Aisle  of  Westminster  Abbey,  near  the  Poets'  Corner,  and  in 
1 82 1  Andre's  remains  were  buried  nearby. 

While  stationed  in  New  York  in  1777,  Andre  had  made  his  will.  It 
read a : 


'  Who  was  this?     I  cannot  identify  him. 

s  tossing  (  Two  Spies)  says  this  was  set  up  by  James  Lee,  a  merchant,  of  New  York. 

3  Simcoe  had,  ••  Peter  Van  Schaack  says,  page  8i . 


TllK    MoNfMHNT,    WKSTMINSTHR    AllIlKY. 
In  the  South  Aisle. 


8 1 

The  foUowiiiK  is  my  last  Will  and  Testament,  and  I  apjioint  as  Kxccutors  thereto, 
Mary  Louisa  Aiulrd,  my  Mother;  Atidivw  Ciiniiulot,  my  Uncle;  Jolin  l.ewis  Andre,  my 
Uncle.  To  each  of  the  alnjve  Ivxecutors  I  jjive  Fifty  rounds.  I  jjive  to  Mary  Hannah 
Andr6  my  Sister,  Seven  Hundred  Pounds.  I  Rive  to  Ann  Marguerite  Andrd'  my  Sister, 
.Seven  Hundred  Pounds.  I  K've  to  Louisii  Katharine  Andrd,  my  Sister,  Seven  Hundred 
Pounds.  I  give  to  William  I^-wis  Andr^'  my  Brother,  .seven  Hundred  Pounds.  Hut  the 
conditions  on  which  I  give  the  above-mentioned  Sums  to  my  four  Sisters  and  brother,  are 
that  each  of  thcni  shall  pay  to  Mary  Loui.sa  Andr6,  my  Mother,  the  sum  of  Ten  Pounds 
yearly  during  her  Life.  I  give  to  Walter  liwer,  Jun'r,  of  Dyer's  Court,  Aldermanbury, 
One  Hundred  Pounds.  I  give  to  John  Ivwer,  jun'r,  of  Lincoln's  Iiui,  One  Hundre<l 
Pounds.  I  desire  a  Ring,  value  Fifty  Pounds,  to  be  given  to  my  friend  Peter  Boissier,  of 
the  Eleventh  Dragoons.  I  desire  that  Walter  ICwer  Jr.  of  Dyer's  Court,  Aldermanbury, 
have  the  in.sj^ction  of  my  PajK-rs,  Letters,  Manuscripts.  I  mean  that  he  have  the  first 
inspection  of  them,  with  Lil)erty  to  destroy  or  detain  whatever  he  thinks  proiwr,  and  I 
desire  my  watch'  to  be  given  to  liim.  And  I  lastly  give  and  lx;<|Ueath  to  my  brotlier  Joliii 
Lewis  Audr^'  the  residue  of  all  my  effects  what.soever. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal,  .Staten  Lsland,  in  tiie  Province  of  N.  York,  N.  America, 

the  7th  Jinie,  1777. 

John  ANDRft, 
Capt'n  in  26th  Regt.  of  Foot. 
N.  n.  The  currency  alluded  to  in  this  will  is  sterling  money  of  Great  Britain.      I 
desire  nothing  more  than  my  wearing  apparel  be  sold  by  public  auction. 

J.  A. 
Remarks. 

There  were  no  witnesses  to  the  will,  and  (so)  it  could  not  be  proved,  but  on  the 
gth  of  Octoljer,  1780,  Henry  White  and  William  Seaton,- F;sqs.,  both  of  the  city  of  New 

••  Sinicoe  had  his  legion  adopt  black  and  white  cockades  in  mourning,  and  Arnold  ventecl  liis  chagrin  in  a 
characteristic  letter  to  Washington  : 

Sir, — The  wanton  execntion  of  a  gallant  Ilritish  officer  in  cold  hliMxl,  may  be  only  the  prehnle  to 
fnrther  butcheries  on  the  siune  ill-fated  oceision.  Nece.s,sity  compelled  me  to  have  behind  me  in  your 
camp  a  wife  and  offspring,  that  arc  endeared  to  me  l)y  every  sacred  tie. 

If  any  violence  be  offered  to  them,  remember  i  will  revenge  their  wrongs  in  a  deluge  of  American 
bloo<l. 

Yours,  etc., 
New  York,  B.  Arnold. 

October  5,  1780. 

No  reply  was  vouchsafed  to  this. — Upcott  Papers,  vi.,  page  65. 
Mrs.  Arnold  was  .safely  conveyed  to  Thiladelphia,  Major  Franks  escorting  her. 

Elias   lioudinot,   the   American   Connnissary   of  prisoners  —  who   was   afterwards   the   first   President   of    the 
American  Bible  Society  —  s.iys  Clinton  shut  himself  up  for  three  days  on  receipt  of  the  news. 

■•  Peter  Van  Schaack  .says  he  .saw  Arnold  and  his  wife,  visiting  the  Abljey,  stop  and  view  the  monument. — Van 
Schaack's  Life  of  I'eter  Van  Sehaaek,  page  147. 
The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  July,  1801,  reconls  that  Arnold  die<l  in  Gloucester  Place,  London,  June  14,  1801, 
and  on  the  21st  was  buried  at  Bronipton.  But  Mr.  Everard  Home  Coleman,  of  London,  informs  me  ( 1899) 
that  he  has  more  than  once  tried  to  find  his  grave,  without  success. 
As  we  have  seen,  Andrd  had  a  gold  and  a  silver  one.  It  was  the  first  one  Colonel  Smith  bought,  and  sent  to 
Rol)ert.son  for  the  family  in  England.  Yet  in  1885  Bangs,  Merwin  and  Co.,  of  New  York,  sold  at  auction 
a  gold  watch,  which  they  guaranteed  to  be  the  original  one,  to  a  purcha.ser  unknown  to  them,  giving  the 
name  of  PealKxly.  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  it.  It  would  be  interestinjj  to  know  how  and  why  it  never 
reached  England.  This  watch  was  exhibited  at  the  Philadelphia  Centennial,  aiul  was  later  owned  by  Mr. 
Gabriel  Furnian,  of  East  Orange,  N.  J.  Aiulr<;'s  pocket-lxjok  in  some  unknown  manner  came  into  the 
hands  of  Joshua  Barrell,  of  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Connecticut  Historical 
Society,  Hartford. 

2  This  was  William  Seton,  afterwards  the  first  ca.shier  ( 17S4-1794)  of  the  Hank  of  New  York.  He  was  a  noted 
loyalist,  but  remained  in  the  city  after  the  British  left.  He  was  the  last  person  to  hold  the  office  of  Notary 
Public  under  a  British  appointment. 


82 

York,  apjx-arwl  lH.'fore  Carv  F.ikHow,  surroRate  of  the  city,  and  declared  that  they  were 
will  accniiiiiitwt  with  the  liaiuhvritiiij;  of  John  Andre,  formerly  Capt.  of  the  26th 
I<t^;inient,  an<l  since  Adjutant  (leiieral,  deceased,  and  they  l)elieved  that  the  liefore-written 
instnnneiit,  i)uriH)rtinK  to  Ik-  his  last  will  and  testament,  was  his  own  and  projx;r  liand- 
writiiiK-     Their  declaration  is  signed  hy  the  SnrroKatc.' 

Tlic  original  will  cannot  now  be  fonnd  in  the  New  York  Snrrogate's 
office.' 

P'or  forty  5'ears  the  grave  on  "  Andre  Hill "  remained  nndisturbed. 
Soldiers  of  the  Revolntion,  who  dwelt  in  Tappan,  and  peacefnl  citizens  who  had 
witnessed  the  death  of  its  inmate,  oft  told  the  story  to  the  generation  born  after 
the  second  war  with  Great  Britain.  No  spot  in  the  county,  indeed  in  the  State, 
was  better  knowti  or  more  accurately  identified.''  In  1820,  the  head  and  footstones 
of  Cajitain  Partridge's  visit  had  disappeared,  and  but  a  heap  of  stones  and  a  peach 
tree  planted  by  the  hands  of  a  sympathizing  woman,  marked  the  spot.  In  1821, 
at  the  instance  of  Mr.  James  Buchanan,  British  Consul  at  New  York,  the  Duke  of 
York  —  Queen  Victoria's  uncle,  and  Commander  of  the  British  Army  —  asked 
permission  of  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton  to  remove  the  remains  to  England. 
This  being  granted^  a  British  man-of-war,  commanded  by  Captain  Paul,  convej-ed 
the  Consul  and  a  small  party  of  friends  up  the  Hudson  to  Dobbs'  Ferry,  cm 
August  10,  1821.  It  was  a  significant  fact,  that  no  British  armed  vessel  had  been 
in  those  waters  since  the  close  of  the  Revolution  (nor  has  any  such  been  there 
since).  At  Dobbs'  Ferry  the  party  disembarked  and  proceeded  to  Tappan  by  way 
of  Sneeden's  landing,  opposite  the  Ferry,  and  were  met  by  Rev.  John  Demarest, 
of  Tappan,  owner  of  the  land  where  was  the  grave.  Mr.  Buchanan's  account 
says : 

We  proceeded  up  a  tiarrow  lane  to  the  opening  into  the  field,  which  led  to  an 

elevated  six)l''  on  the  hill,  conunanding  a  view  of  the  surrounding   country  for  miles. 

General  Washington's  headquarters  was   fully  in  view.     The  field  was  cultivated,  but 

'  A'.  /•-".  (Ttiiiiilofiial  anil  ^hiliqiiaritiu  h'lgislir.  Vol.  vi.  (January,  1852).  Collateral  desceiulaiits  of  Aiidr^  are 
( 1S99)  livniR  in  England.  I  have  just  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  John  I^ewis  Andrd,  the  grandson  of  liis  uncle 
and  executor,  who  resides  at  Horsham,  Surrey.  Andre's  sisters  lived  for  many  years  at  No.  23  Circus, 
Hath,  Kngland,  where  Loui.sii  Katharine  died,  on  Christmas  Day,  1835,  eighty-one  years  old,  and  Mary 
Hann.ih,  on  March  3,  1S45,  at  ninety-three  (of  the  third  si.ster,  Ann  Marguerite,  I  have  no  details).  The 
two  were  huried  at  Ilathham])ton,  near  Hath. 
AWci  mid  (Juin'is  (London),  January  15,  1870,  .says  that  Anilrd,  while  a  prisoner  at  Albany  (?),  painted  the 
portraits  of  his  paniits,  and  that  this  painting  is  in  the  possession  of  the  family  of  Major  General  Cuyler, 
of  t'itenhage,  Cap<  Colony  — that  Cleneral  Cuyler's  f.ather  (?)  ha<l  been  Mayor  of  .■\lbany.  This  cannot  be 
verified. 

-  Mr.  John  Schuyler,  the  former  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  makes  a  singular  error  in 
s;iyiiig  the  will  was  filed  at  Tappan.  (History  of  the  Society,  New  York,  1886.)  I  have  copied  the  will 
from  I<iissing. 

•'  It  was  reserved  for  an  anonymous  writer  of  1890,  in  compiling  a  railroad  guide,  to  gravely  a.ssure  the  public 
that  "contrary  to  the  general  belief,  .*\ndrd  was  not  hanped,  but  shot"  ( !) — and  for  the  Rev.  S.  Reynolds 
Hole  (Canon  Hole),  of  Enj^land,  to  repeat  the  blunder  in  1898.  As  the  latter  writer  visited  the  United 
States  in  1893,  his  error  is  the  more  remarkable.  Such  assertions  are  fairly  entitled  to  Mr.  Boffin's 
characterization  of  "scarers  in  print." 

^  When  it  is  considered  that  the  war  of  1812  had  ended  only  six  years  before,  and  that  its  memories,  with  those 
of  1776,  and  of  the  kidnapping  of  our  seamen  and  their  cruel  treatment  in  Dartmoor  Prison,  culminating 
in  the  "Dartmoor  Massacre,"  were  fresh  in  the  minds  of  our  people,  I  think  this  consent  was  mag- 
nanimous, li  Captain  Partridge  says,  page  83. 


V. 


o 
a. 


o 
a< 


c 


Q 


83 

around  the  Rrave  the  plotiKh  had  not  approached  nearer  than  three  or  four  yards,  that 
space  fK-iuR  covered  with  1(K)si'  stones  thrown  U|H)n  and  around  the  ^rave,  which  was  only 
indicated  hy  two  cedar  trees  about  ten  feet  iiinh.  A  small  jxach  tree  had  also  l)een 
planted  at  the  head  of  the  Rrave.  As  soon  as  the  stones  were  cleared  away,  not  a  tutiKUe 
moved  amongst  the  multitude'  —  l>reathle.ss  anxiety  was  depicted  on  every  countenance. 

*  *  *  *  The  earth  was  removed  with  the  hands,  as  we  s<khi  di.sc-()vere<l  tlie  colhn-lid  was 
broken  in  the  centre.  Witli  >;reat  care  tliis  was  reinove<l,  and  there  lay  the  Nines  in 
perfect  order.  The  roots  of  the  jx;ach  tree  had  completely  surrounded  the  skull,  like  a 
net.'  After  allowing  all  to  pass  around  and  view  the  remains  as  they  lay,  which  very 
niany^  did,  with  unfeigned  tears  and  lamen'ations,'  the  Ixines  were  carefully  removed 
and  placed  in  the  sarcophagus  of  mahogany,  liiie<l  with  crimson  velvet  (which  had  l)een 
provided  by  order  of  the  Duke  of  York).  *  *  *  *  I  did  not  find  a  single  button,  nor  any 
article,  save  a  leather  string'"'  that  had  tied  the  hair,  in  jxrfect  preservation,  coiled  and 
tied  as  it  had  l)een  on  his  hair  at  the  time.     Tliis  I  forwarded  to  his  sisters  in  England." 

*  *  *  *  'flu;  siircopliagus  was  Ijorne  amid  tlie  silent  and  unlHtught  regret  of  the  numerous 
a.ssemblage,  to  Mr.  Demare.st's  house,  with  the  intention  of  removing  it  tcj  His  Majesty's 
packet  on  the  Tuesday  following.' 

The  peach  tree  wa.s  dug  up  and  taken  to  London,  wlicre  it  was  replanted  in 
tlie  King's  garden  behind  Carlton  Mouse.  The  two  cedars  were  also  sent  to 
London,  and  from   the   wood  of  one  the  Duke  of  York  had  a  snnfT  ho.x"  made, 


"  Cnptaiti  Partridge  sny.s  tlie  pl.-ice  is  200  feet  above  tide  in  the  Hudson,  and  i?^  feet  nlmve  the  floor  of  .■\ndr^'s 
room. 

'  Although  Mr.  Buclmii.iii  does  iii)t  mention  it,  the  jKLstor  of  the  Dutch  church,  Rev.  Nicholas  I.ansiiij;,  was 
present,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Cole  informs  nie  that  he  is  tolerahly  positive  that  he  was  told,  in  his  l)oylK>i»l.  tliat  a 
lirief  reli)<ir)us  service  was  conducted  hy  Dr.  I,.  Some  writers  .say  the  Duke  of  Vnrlc  w.is  pre.sent.  Tliis  i.s 
impossible.     He  wa.s  never  in  the  I'nited  States. 

'-  .\n  instance,  similar  to  this  curious  circumstance,  may  be  recalled  in  the  fact  that  when,  a  number  of  years 
since,  the  grave  of  Roger  Willi.ims  was  iipcneil  ill  Providence,  R.  I.,  his  skeleton  was  found  entwined  with 
the  roots  of  an  apple  tree  that  had  grown  near  the  grave.—  ll'iH,  I..  Sione,  to  the  itulhor. 

•'  There  were  then  living  in  Tappan  many  persons  who,  as  young  people  (and  some  also  as  soMiirs)  had 
witnesseil  the  execution.  Some  of  those  to  whom  they  told  the  story  of  ly.Soare  ycl  living.  One  is  Rev. 
Dr.  David  Cole  (now  of  Yonkers),  son  of  the  then  pa.stor  of  the  Dutch  Church  at  Ta])p,iii.  I'roiii  him  I 
have  received  much  information. 

*  Cf.  Thacher's  words,  forty-one  years  Iiefore,  "The  tears  of  Ihonsaiiils  fell  on  the  spot  where  he  lay."  As  Di . 
Thacher  was  living  at  this  time,  and  until  i.S.).),  it  is  to  be  regretted  he  was  not  present  on  this  memorable 
occasion. 

f>  Mr.  Iluchanan  had  snpjio  "d  .\ndrc  was  buried  in  his  uniform,  and  comidained  bitterly  that  the  historic 
statement  of  Dr.  Thacher  to  thai  effect  was  false.  Hut  in  1S34  Dr.  Thacher  wrote  him  that,  while  he  liail 
.so  stated,  he  had  not  waited  to  see  the  actual  interment,  and  that  the  subsequent  statement  which  I  credit 
to  "Baldwin"  (that  the  uniform  was  given  to  I.aiine)  was  doubtless  correct.  The  Con.sul  accepted  the 
explanation,  and  had  the  Doctor's  letter  published  in  the  I'niliJ  Scii'itc  Journal,  of  London,  ami  its 
substance  in  the  New  York  .llhioii,  March  7,  1S34. 
Why  Dr.  Thacher  delayed  writing  it  until  \^},^  is  not  explained. 

"  "Some  locks  of  his  hair  remained,  which  were  sent  to  his  sisters  The  string  which  tied  his  hair  is  in 
pos.ses,sion  of  the  Dean  of  Westminster."— Stanley,  //istorical  Miiiioiis  01  H'lS/iiiitis/ir  Abhiy.  II., 
page  9.V 

^  This  part  of  th-;  plan  seems  not  to  have  been  carrieil  out,  as  they  were  actually  conveyed  to  Portsmouth  by  the 
frigate  f'hacloii.  Captain  W.  C.  Montague.  She  arrived  there  in  October.  The  remains  were  interred  in 
Westminster  .\bbcy— in  the  presence  of  a  representative  of  the  War  Department,  and  of  Mr.  Locker, 
Secretary  of  Greenwich  Hospital  (and  father  of  the  late  Frederick  I.ocker,  the  poet),  who  attended  on 
behalf  of  Andre's  sisters.  In  iS.|o  Grant  Thorburii  wrote  in  the  Kiiickirbockcr  Afat;a:inf ;  "I  had  an 
ardent  desire  to  handle  the  skull  which  h.id  once  contained  such  mighty  projects.  I  obtained  an  order 
from  the  ("Usul,  and  boarded  the  frigate,  taking  with  me  a  handsome  myrtle  jilant,  which  I  placed  on 
the  lid  of  the  iarcophagus.  This  was  carrie<l  to  London,  planted  and  flourished,  and  many  persons  of 
note  had  cuttings  from  it,  as  it  was  known  as  '  .^ndr(?'s  myrtle.'  When  I  held  Andrew's  skull  in  my  hands 
I  observed  that  the  root  01  a  tree  hail  penetrated  the  bone  on  one  side  and  come  out  on  the  other." 

f"  Now  owned  by,  page  H4, 


84 

lined  with  gold,  which  he  sent  to  Mr.  Deniarest  in  recognition  of  his  services. 
Andre's  sisters  also  sent  him  a  silver  cnp,  suitably  inscribed. 

After  the  exhumation  the  grave  was  refilled,  and  once  more  the  field  where 
the  historic  drama  had  been  enacted  that  October  day  was  left  lonely  and  uncared 
for,  save  for  the  placing  of  the  inscribed  boulder,  noted  on  page  80,  until  1879. 
Ninety-nine  years  after  Andre's  death  Dean  Stanley  visited  the  United  States, 
and  was  the  guest  of  Cyrus  W.  Field,  at  Irvington.  At  his  suggestion  Mr.  Field 
erected  a  monument  to  mark  the  spot  of  execution.'  Its  erection,  or  injcription, 
gave  offence  to  some  Socialists,  one  of  whom,  Hendrix"  by  name,  blew  it  up  with 
dynamite.     A  second  met  the  same  fate.     The  inscription  on  it  reads : 

Here  died,  October  2,  1780, 

Major  John  AndrS  of  the  British  Army, 

who,  entering  the  American  Unes 

on  u  secret  mission  to  Benedict  Arnold 

for  the  surrender  of  West  Point, 

was  taken  prisoner,  tried  and  condemned  as  a  spy. 

His  death, 

though  according  to  the  stern  code  of  war, 

moved  even  his  enemies  to  pity  ; 

and  both  armies  mourned  the  fate 

of  one  so  young  and  so  brave. 

In  1 82 1  his  remains  were  removed  to 

Westminster  Abbey. 

A  hundred  years  after  the  execution 

this  stone  was  placed  above  the  spot  where  he  lay, 

by  a  citizen  of  the  UnUed  vStates  against  which  he  fought, 

not  to  perpetuate  the  record  of  strife, 

but  in  token  of  those  better  feelings 

which  have  since  united  two  nations, 

one  in  race,  in  language  and  in  religion, 

in  the  hope  that  the  friendly  understanding 

will  never  be  broken. 

Arthur  Pknrhvn  Stanley, 

Dean  of  Westminster. 

He  was  more  unfortunate  than  criminal. 

George  Washington. 

Sunt  lachrymoe  rcrum  et  menteui  mortalia  tangunt. 

^NEID,  Book  I.,  line  462. 


s  Now  owned  by  Rev.  Joliii  neiii.irest's  (iauKliter,  Mrs.  J.iiiics  1.  Ulauvelt,  Paterson,  N.  J.  It  is  also  stated  by 
Mr.  Biichanaii  that  "  .\iidr<;'s  watch"  was  "recovered"  and  sent  to  his  si.sters.  It  is  not  staled  from 
whom  it  was  "  recovered."     Tlie  histoiy  of  the  watches  is  decidedlj-  obscure. 

'  Representatives  of  the  New  York  iind  Rockland  Counties  Historical  societies,  and  many  other  puests,  were 
present  at  the  unveiling  of  the  inonim'ent.  In  1878  there  were  living  three  men  who  had  witnessed  the 
exhumation  of  Andrd's  remains  — David  O.  Urower',  John  J.  Griffiths  and  John  II.  Outwater.  Through 
their  testimony,  Mr.  Jlenry  Whittemore,  Secretary  of  the  Rockland  County  .Society,  had  identified  the 
spot  where  tl'.c  execution  took  place,  and  the  monument  was  placed  there. 

'  He  met  a  violent  dea'.h  in  Brooklyn  in  1884. 


^*\. 


,:'..'.       V>i(0,f.«fi'ftlHS  IH^  AMtfilCAH  LINES   ■ 

%.;,:/    fw  ^>p;Hcr.i«ss»OM  to  se»«crtT  «!{)tot*',  ■■    " 
",  .'   :      ^o**  TME-aOsiitpflsH  VI  i*EST.pot«)p.  .,/;         i- 

WM.I«K£ipRlS«!Ni;H:.TRKD.A»D.CgiUJ£'MI(Ep  ft^' A  BW,'" 

.'HLs  .oii^Tir.-'    ..  •'   ;■■.."   ,/.' 

ruAUEHJlWCDfl^JUdrO  TM£  ST£R«  /ode  OF  WAfi!    . 
|0Vf:DJ.V.CN  HIS  ENEMIES.  10  mv.     ■  '"       '.    *• 
Atio  <iO!i»  AHMIES  MOORHEq  THE- fAT«  .        ,:'  •♦'!• 
.    |t   ONE  90  yoUNG  AND  SO'SRAVE.    .  '' 

l";(aaHlS«£J,A|Kt  »M£  REMOVtU  TO  WtSTMIN-.  ICRMBCt^: 

THH  STC«  1   A-i  ,-LACtii  ABOvL  :»:  SPiT  Wsf^C  HE  LAY 
fiVACIT,JE,   Of  fUC  SfATE^AOAW   T  WIJICH  i'r  PDUSHT-   ; 
Honi    PEHf.ETUATETHtfltCoRp-orsTRirE         ■  ■'"  ' 
■\    BUM,        JK?.  (OF  T,*OSt  BE7rt.><  fttL.hGs    '■       ■.:0 


i";(aaHis«£ 

•A  rt\i 
THI)  sfcffE 


'IP' 


•■  -./♦■ 


I» 


'*?%' 


Thk  Andre  Monument,  Tappan. 

Hv  foreign  Imnds  thy  laiinble  K^'ive  adorn'd, 

By  strangers  iioiriril,  and  by  strangers  mourn 'd.  —  /'opf 


85 

The  line  from  the  ^neid,  literally  translated,  is,  "  Here  are  tears  for  our 
affections,  and  human  calamities  touch  the  mind."  In  Conington's  translation  it 
is  thus  rendered : 

E'en  lier°  the  tear  of  pity  springs 

And  hearts  are  touched  by  human  things. 

When  my  first  visit  was  made,  the  monument,  whicli  is  of  polished 
granite  71^  x  -,  x  3  feet,  was  lying  on  its  side,  and  of  its  foundation  only  a  few 
bricks  remained,  but  it  has  since  been  re-erected.     The  whole  is  surrounded  by  an 

iron  railing. 

Aside  from  the  historic  interest  of  the  place,  the  view  from  and  around  it 
'  is  charming.  East  and  north  the  country  is  well  wooded,  yet  dotted  with  small 
farms.  Northeast,  across  the  Hudson,  are  the  Tarrytown  heights,  and  the 
Captors'  Monument.  Haverstraw,  Stony  Point  and  King's  Ferry  are  a  few  miles 
above,  and  as  the  tourist  stands  on  the  scene  of  the  last  act  of  the  tragedy,  Dobbs' 
Ferry,  where  lay  the  Grcylumnd  with  Robertson  and  his  companions  aboard,  that 
eventful  October  day,  is  directly  east  and  almost  in  sight.  The  visitor  of  any 
sentiment  instinctively  recalls  Dr.  Johnson's  words  about  Marathon  and  adapts 
them  to  the  scene  before  him  :  "  That  man  is  little  to  be  envied  whose  patriotism 
would  not  gain  force  upon  the  plain  of"— Tappaii. 


Appendix. 


X  -s 


s 


'X 

X 


Tin-  Itlyerarv. 


■780. 

Shptkmbkr 

10. 

(.<>««(/in') 

" 

11. 

(Monday) 

41 

'3- 

( U'cdiifsday) 

U 

IS. 

( Monday ) 

It 

19- 

(  Tuesday) 

1) 

20. 

( IVtdnesday) 

II 
II 

21. 

(  Thursday) 
(Morning) 

(Midnight) 

11 

22. 

(Friday) 
(J U.St  past 
midnight ) 

II 
II 
II 

■• 

( Friday ) 

(Ahnost  dawn) 

(Friday) 
( Day  break ) 

(Friday) 
( Before 
10  A.  M.) 

(Friday) 
( Up  to  about 

5  P.M.) 

( Friday) 

(5  P.M.) 

(Friday) 
(8.30  P.M.) 

" 

23- 

(Saturday) 
(Dawn) 

(Saturday) 
(Daylight 
to  9.30) 

Arnold  visits  Sniilli  at  Ilaverstraw  to  arrange  niatlirs. 

ArnoM  goes  by  boat  to  near  D.>bl)s'  Kerry,  is  fnrd  on  and  narrowly  escapes. 

Writes  .\iidrc  to  meet  him  on  the  2otli. 

Writes  to  Kobinson. 

The  dinner  to  Clinton  at  Kii)'s  honse. 
Arnold  spends  that  night  at  .Smilli's  bouse. 

Arnold  returns  to  his  ([nartirs,  with  his  wife. 

Andre  si)ends  all  day  on  the  I'liltur,-,  expecting  .\niold. 

Arnold  returns  to  llaver.straw  and  coerces  the  Col<nihoun  brothers. 

Sndth  goes  aboard  the  I'li/tun'. 

Smith  brings  .-Vndre  a.shore  at  I.ong  Clove. 


Andr*:-  and  Arnold  ride  to  Smith's  house. 
Colonel  Livingston  opens  fire  on  the  t'lilluir. 
Arnold  returns  to  his  quarters. 

Andr<;  remains  at  Smith's  house. 

Andre,  guided  by  Snnth,  rides  to  King's  Inrry. 

Being  .stopi)ed  by  Captain  Ivbenezer  Boy.I,  Second  Westchester  Militia, 
they  pass  the  night  at  house  of  Andreas  Miller,  four  miles  east  of 
Peekskill. 

The  iournev  resumed,  they  are  stopped  at  Crompond  Corner  by  Captain 
Kbene/.er  P'oote,  of  the  Commi.ssary  Department,  but  allowed  to 
proceed . 

At  home  of  Isaac  Underbill,  3M  unles  from  Cn>mj)ond  Corner,  they  have 
breakfast.  Smith  parts  from  Andre  and  goes  to  Arnold's  head- 
quarters. Andre  proceeds  over  I'ine's  Bridge  in  .lirectiou  of  Dobbs' 
Ferry.  In  Chappaqua  he  cn<iuires  his  way  of  Stevenson  Thome,  and 
in  Pleasautville  waters  his  hor.se  oppo.site  Sylvamis  Brutulage's  house. 
At  house  of  Stiuits  Hammond,  I'leasantville,  he  learns  of  the  scouts 
at  Young's  Tavern,  below,  and  retraces  his  path  to  Mekeel's  Corners. 


88 


I78«. 

Skitkmhkr  i.v 

(Stilurday) 
(9.,V)"r  II) 

i.Siilurdav) 
(A)M)Ut  niKin) 

.. 

(Saturday) 
(AlKuit  5) 

"             " 

(Saturday) 
(\m\.v  at  nJKlit) 

34. 

(SuHday) 
(8  a.  M.) 

M                            It 

(Sunday) 
Cl'ncertain 
hour) 

•'               " 

(Sunday) 
(Noon) 

35- 

(jy/onda-^ 
(Brea> 

II             «• 

(Afondayi 
(4  to  6  P.  M.) 

II                 tt 

(Monday) 
(Midnight) 

16. 

(  Tuesday) 
(At  Dawn) 

27- 

(  Wednesday) 

28. 

(  Thursday) 

.. 

( Thursday) 
(noon) 

"             " 

( Thursday) 
(afternoon) 

"               " 

(Thursday) 
(later) 

29. 

(Friday) 

30. 

(Saturday) 

October        i. 

(Sunday) 
(Noon) 

2. 

( Monday ) 
(Noon) 

Renrhes  Tarrytown  and  in  captnred. 

The  march  toward*  Jnnirson's  headc|uartcrii.  I'irst  stop  nt  the  Reeil 
Tavern,  Vj\»i  Tarrytown,  where  Andr^  haii  breail  and  milk  —  next  at 
I'oshay  houae,  below  Kentico,  and  third  at  Reulwn  Wrif^ht's,  at 
Kennico. 

Arrival  at  Jameson's  headquarters,  Sands  Mills,  Armonk,  twelve  miles  from 
Tarrytown.     Jameson  sends  him  on  towards  Arnold. 

Major  TallniadKe  returns  from  outpost  duty,  and  urges  that  he  be  brought 
back. 

KnAri  is  returned  to  Sands  Mills.    Tallmadge  meets  him  there. 

Me  is  taken  to  Sheldon's  headquarters  at  South  Salem,  in  Gilbert  bouse, 
nnil  meets  Lieutenant  King  and  Dr.  Bronson, 

Smith  dines  in  Washington's  company  at  Fishkill. 

Arnold,  at  the  Robinson  House,  receives  the  letter  announcing  KnAxi't 
arrest,  ami  escajies. 

Washington  orders  Andr^  to  be  sent  to  the  Robinson  House. 

(  Smith  arrested  at  Fishkill  and  taken  to  the  Robin.son  House. 
(  Andr(5  taken  from  Sheldon's  quarters,  under  a  strong  escort,  during  heavy 
ra'n,  and  reaches  the  Robinson  House.    The  day  is  passed  there. 

Andrd  and  Smith  are  taken  to  West  Point. 

Both  are  taken  by  boat  to  Stony  Point  (King's  Ferry),  and  by  land  towards 

Tapi)an. 
They  dine  at  Coe's  Tavern,  Hempstead,  and 

reach  Tappan. 

Washington  also  arrives  and  orders  a  court  martial. 

The  court  finds  Andr^  guilty. 

Washington  approves  the  sentence,  and  orders  Andr^  to  be  hung  on 
October  1  st,  at  5  P.  M. 

Clinton's  committee— Elliot,  Robinson  and  Smith— come  up  to  Dobbs' 
Ferry,  and  the  execution  is  postponed  one  day. 

ANDRE   EXECUTED. 


l83I. 

August 

October 
November 


His  remains  disinterred  and  taken  to  Halifax,  N.  S. 
Taken  to  England  in  the  frigate  Phaeton. 
Interred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 


y    is 


HOW   STANDS  THE  GLASS  AROUND? 

The  writer  ami  composer  of  this  soiij;  are  unknown.  It  uppeun^l  .is  u  l>ron(lflide  in 
1710.  In  1729  it  WiW  i)nMluc<'d  ut  a  little  thciitre  in  the  Hay  Market,  Louilou,  under  the  title 
"Why,  Soldiei's,  whyt"  in  "The  Patron,  or  the  Statesnian'.s  Opera."  Collections  niad(«  iii 
1775  have  l)oth  words  and  music,  and  Sliield  introdiued  the  .son^  into  "The  Siege  of  (Jib- 
raltor."  Tt  is  usually  called  "Gene'-al  AVolfe's  song,"  and  is  said  to  have  heeii  sung  by  him 
on  the  evo  of  the  battle  of  Quebec.  There  is  a  story,  which  seems  to  be  authentic,  thiit  as 
his  night  expedition  against  the  city  was  floating  down  the  St.  LawTciice,  ho  repeated 
several  stanzaa  from  Gray's  "  Elegj',"  and  remarked  that  ho  "  would  rather  have  written 
that  poem  than  take  Quebec  to-moiTow."  It  is  not  niilikely  that  this  anecdote,  togetiier 
with  the  fact  that  ho  had  .sometimes  sung  "  How  stands  the  glass  around  t "  wius  what  gave 
rise  to  the  story  which  makes  it  bis  death-song. 


i 


Quartette. 


IlannonlztMl  hy  Edward  R.  Cammlnf{t. 


S 


t 


i 


fm 


s 


^a^e,      my  boys;  Ho* 


f    -^^^ 
1     How  Btanda     the  glass 

2.    Why,       sol   -       dicrs, 

8.    'TiB         but  In 


«= 


a  •  round f 
why, 
vain— 


For  shame  I    yo  take       no     care, 
Should   wo        bo   mol   -     an  -  cho 
I      mean      not    to  up  -  braid 


(aWi4^^ 


:?=? 


_L 


^ 


=!=£=£: 


m 


=f=^^ 


low 
ly,  boysf  Why, 
you,  boys — 'Ti» 

-3-^: — I- 


fe=i;^ 


stands        the     glass™ 
Bol       •  diers, 

but In 


Let  mirt 


^5^ 


H-^ 


round?  Let  mirth       and 

why?        Wliosa  bus    -       I   - 
viiiu  For      sol   -    dierg 


wuie 

ncss 

to 


'tis  to 


bound  I 

did 

plain. 


pL 


^^j^^-fegg 


=£=^ 


m 


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fc^EFg 


r 


Solo, 


UfM^^JU 


=*:?= 


7^35: 


^m 


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i: 


:4r; 


i- 


Bound;—       iho      col- ors  they  are        fly-ing,  boys— To  %ht,  kill,  or  wound, 

flel  Don't  fear;  drink  on;  be       jol-  ly,  boysl'Tis  he,  you,or       II 

patgn  Sc.id     us     toUimwho    made  us,  boys, We're  free    from    pain; 


^^^^^^^0 


i^^ 


r 


W: 


1 


~^ — ^■ 
■er 


Quartette, 


^ 


fai4 


^ 


t'  0   ^ — ■ 

Con- tent  with  our  hard  fate,  my  boys.  On      the  cold  ground  I 

dry,        We're      always  bound  to      fol-low,  boys, And  scorn  to        fly  I 

main,           A       bot-tle  and    a    kind  landlady  Cure      all  a   -    gain  I 


May       we      attU  be       found 

Cold,      hot,     wet,  or 

But,        If        we  re 
J 


m 


^^  ^7i^ 


m 


S 


nm^ 


m 


I 


ROSLIN    CASTLE. 

(So-called,  but  difffiiiig/roin  llir piYseiil-day  air.) 


jij  I J  i,jji  j'iirgid.ijii 


I'    I   r  I  r  [^^ 


4-^(^^i/'4''''j^r7TT 


7 


J         ^  I  t.v 


^ 


^ 


,ttfc 


^di  i''^M^^^ 


^ 


^^ 


'>  'i  f 


W 


I  N  '  I  ^^  '  ^  ^  I  U      ■'   ^ 


^^ 


j*     ^ 


t^^^^ 


r^r^ 


The  Andkk  Chaik. 

Inscribed  on  I)ack  —  " /;;  this  chair  sn I  Major  Axiikk,  Adjulaiil-CtUiral  to 
the  British  army,  whiii  he  uivtf,  al  the  quarters  of  l.iiiit.  Joshua  A'iiii;, 
the  letter  to  deiieral  W'ashiiti^toii  reiraliiig  the  treason  of  Ariiolit."  — 
(Owned  by  J.   Howard  Kin^.   Ks<|.,  All)any. ) 


THE   "  BLEW"    BIRD. 

I  llrilhii  btfoic  iSiH).} 
(Copied  from  a  iiuimiscript  colkctioii  in  the  Drtxcl  Musical  I.ibiary,  belonging  to  the  New  York  Public  Library,  Lenox  Branch.  ) 

(FoK  iMii;  OK  l'"i,rTiv.) 


IS^'  jM^  rriQV  fflji^J  { )h.^  ^}S^^^ 


rjj^T^f'iTriLrifff.i^r.  .i^j-Ji^J^  ^11.^  ' 


3 


f.n']  f^.p  3l  ]?3^.i'J]|j'iT>T'  J;i,i  T  nhm 


ill  1" 


(Tlio  (irigiiial  coinist  .'.ceiiis  in  part  astray  in  his  nutation  of  a  few  notes,  as  is  evident  from  the  Insertion  of  the  word  "rong." 


<  » 


Colonel  1st  New  Hampshire  Contiiieiilals. 
Adjutant  Gen'l  Continental  Anny. 


The  following  poem  was  written  by  Major  Andre  after  the  attack  of  Wayne 

upon  a  block-house,  near  Bull's  Ferry.     The  last  canto  was  ijublishcd   in  Rivinjj;- 

ton's  Gazette,  on  the  day  when  Andre  was  captured  a    Tarrytown.     I  copied  this 

from  an   original  copy   in    the  handwriting   of   Andre   himself;    and    I    made    a 

facsimile  of  the  last  stanza  as  it  appears  in  that  copy.     It  is  written   upon  small 

folio  paper,  and  under  the  endorsement  of  Andre  himself  are  the  following  lines  : 

— Lossing. 

"  When  the  epic  strain  was  sung, 
The  poet  by  the  neck  was  huiiR  ; 
And  to  his  cost  he  finds  too  late, 
The  dung-born  tribe  decides  his  fate." 


Elizabethtown,  Atig.  i,  ijSo. 


Canto  i. 

To  drive  the  kine  one  summer's  morn. 

The  tanner  took  his  way, 
The  calf  shall  rue  that  is  unborn 

The  jumbling  of  that  day. 

And  Wayne  descending  steers  shall  know. 

And  tauntingly  deride. 
And  call  to  mind,  in  ev'ry  low. 

The  tanning  of  his  hide. 

Yet  Bergen  cows  still  ruminate 

Unconscious  in  the  stall. 
What  mighty  means  were  used  to  get, 

And  lose  them  after  all. 


For  many  heroes  bold  and  brave 
From  New  Bridge  and  Tapaan, 

And  those  that  AAwV  Passaic's  wave. 
And  those  that  eat  soupaan. 

And  sons  of  distant  Delaware, 

And  still  remoter  Shannon, 
And  Major  Lee  with  horses  rare. 

And  Proctor  with  his  cannon. 

All  wondrous  proud  in  arms  they  came- 

What  hero  could  refuse, 
To  tread  the  rugged  path  to  fame. 

Who  had  a  pair  of  shoes? 


94 


7     At  nix  tlie  hoKt,  with  Hwenliiif;  hufT, 
Arriv«'il  at  l-'ri-filum's  IVilr, 
Win  II  \V»yiie,  wlm  thmiKlit  lii-'d  time  enough, 
Thus  specchifii'd  the  wliole  : 

8"0  ye  whom  K'ory  iloth  unite, 

Who  I'ricdoin's  cause  esiMnise, 
Whether  the  winx  that's  (hximecl  to  fif^ht, 
Or  Unit  to  drive  the  cows  ; 

9     Kre  yet  you  tempt  your  further  way, 
Or  into  notion  come, 
Hear,  soldiers,  what  I  have  to  sny. 
And  take  a  pint  of  rum. 

10  Intenip'rate  valor  then  will  string 

liach  nervous  arm  the  better, 
So  all  the  lanil  shall  lO!  sing. 
And  rea<l  the  gen'ral's  letter. 

11  Know  that  sonu-  jialtry  refugees, 

Whom  I've  a  mind  to  fight. 
Are  ])laying  h  — 1  among  the  trees 
That  grow  on  yonder  height. 

12  Their  fort  and  hlock-house  we'll  level. 

And  deal  a  horrid  slaughter  ; 
We'll  drive  the  scouudiels  to  the  devil. 


13  I  under  cover  of  th'  attack. 

Whilst  you  are  all  at  blows. 
From  I'jiglish  Neighb'rhood  and  Tinack 
Will  drive  nway  the  cows. 

14  Kor  well  yim  know  the  latter  is 

The  .serious  operation, 
And  fighting  with  therefugees 
Is  only  demonstration." 

i.S     His  daring  words  from  all  the  crowd 
Such  great  a]iplanse  did  gain, 
That  every  man  declared  aloud 
I'or  serious  work  with  Wayne. 

16  Then  from  the  cask  of  rum  once  more 

They  t<x>k  a  heady  gill, 
When  one  and  all  they  loudly  swore 
They'd  fight  upon  the  hill. 

17  Hut  here — the  muse  has  not  a  strain 

Befitting  such  great  deeds, 
Hurra,  tliey  cried,  hurra  for  Wayne  ! 

And  .shouting  «  »  » 


Canto  2. 

18     Near  his  incriilian  pomp,  the  sun 
Had  jouriu'v'd  from  the  horizon, 
W'hen  fierce  the  dusky  tribe  mov'd  on, 
Of  heroes  drunk  as  poison. 


19  The  BoundH  confuse^  of  boastinK  oaths. 

Re-echoed  through  the  woo<l. 
Some  vow'd  to  sleep  in  dead  men's  clothes. 
And  some  to  swim  in  bloo<l. 

20  At  Irvine's  nod,  'twas  fine  to  see 

The  left  prepared  lo  fight. 
The  while  the  drovers,  Wayne  and  Lee, 
Drew  off  upon  the  right. 

21  Which  Irvine  'twas  Fame  don't  relate, 

Nor  can  the  Muse  assist  her. 
Whether  'twas  he  that  cocks  a  bat, 
Or  he  that  gives  a  glister. 

22  For  greatly  one  was  signalized, 

That  fought  at  Chestnut  Hill, 
And  Canada  immortaliz*  \ 
The  veiuler  of  the  pill. 

23  Yet  the  attendance  upon  Proctor 

They  both  might  have  to  l>oast  of ; 
For  there  was  business  for  the  doctor, 
And  hats  to  he  disposed  of. 

24  Let  none  uncandidly  infer 

That  Stirling  wantc<l  sjjunk. 
The  self-made  peer  had  sure  been  there. 
But  that  the  peer  was  dnink. 

25  But  turn  we  to  the  Hudson's  banks, 

Where  stootl  the  mo<lest  train, 
With  purpose  firm,  though  slender  ranks. 
Nor  car'd  a  pin  for  Wayne. 

26  For  them  the  unrelenting  hand 

Of  rebel  fury  drove. 
And  tore  from  ev'ry  genial  band 
Of  friendship  and  of  love. 

27  And  .some  within  a  dungeon's  gloom, 

By  mock  tribunals  laid. 
Had  waited  long  a  cruel  doom. 
Impending  o'er  their  heads. 

28  Here  one  bewails  a  brother's  fate, 

There  one  a  sire  demands. 
Cut  off,  alas !  Iwfore  their  date. 
By  ignominious  hands. 

29  And  .silver'd  grandsires  here  appear'd 

In  deep  distress  serene, 
Of  reverend  manners  that  declared 
The  better  days  they'd  .seen. 

30  Oh !  curs'd  rebellion,  these  arc  thine, 

Thine  are  these  tales  of  woe  ; 
Shall  at  thy  dire  insatiate  shrine 
Blootl  never  cease  to  flow  ? 

31  And  now  the  foe  I)egan  to  lead 

His  forces  to  th'  attack  ; 
Balls  whistling  unto  tells  .succeed. 
And  make  the  block-house  crack. 


The  Captors'  Moni-.mknt,  Tarrytown. 


05 


32     Nn  Khot  couhl  poM,  if  you  will  take 
The  Ken'ml'ii  wi>r<l  for  true  ; 
Hut  'tin  a  (1-  l)lc  iiiiHlakf, 
I'or  ev'ry  iiliot  went  tlirinixh. 

■\j     Tlu-  firmer  as  the  ri-liels  prrsgeil, 
Tin-  loyul  luTfM's  stand  ; 
Virtue  lind  iier.M  earli  honest  Ijrcast, 
Anil  Industry  each  hand. 

VI     In  valor's  phrensy.  Ilamill  >n 
Kodf  like  a  solilier  hii;, 
And  secretary  Harrison, 
With  jien  stuck  in  his  wi^. 

^5     Hnl,  lest  chieftain  Washington 

Should  iniiiini  tliein  in  the  nininps. 
The  fate  of  Withrin({ton  to  shun, 
They  fou)»lit  behind  the  stumps. 

36  Hut  ah  !  Thaildeus  Posset,  why 

Sliocld  thy  piMir  s<ail  elope? 
And  why  should  Tilns  Hooper  die. 
Ah  !  die — without  a  rope? 

37  Apostate  Murjihy,  thou  to  whom 

I'air  Shela  ne'er  was  cruel ; 
/w  ihalh  shall  hear  hir  mourn  Illy  diM)in, 
Och  !  wonlil  ye  ilie,  my  jewel? 

38  Thee,  Nathan  Pumpkin,  I  lament, 

Of  melancholy  fate, 
The  >!•■">'  K'"""''  stolen  as  he  went. 
In  his  heart's  l)lo<xl  was  wet. 

39  Now  as  the  fiKht  was  further  fought. 

And  halls  hegan  to  thicken. 
The  fray  assum'd,  the  gen'rals  thought. 
The  color  of  a  licking. 

40  Yet  undismay'd  the  chiefs  commaml. 

And,  to  redeem  the  day, 
Cry,  "Soldiers,  charge  !'  they  hear,  they  stand, 
They  turn  and  run  away. 

Canto  3. 

41  Not  all  delights  the  bloixly  spear. 

Or  horrid  ilin  of  battle, 
There  are,  I'm  sure,  -vlio'd  like  to  hear 
A  word  about  the  rattle. 

4J    The  chief  whom  we  beheld  of  late. 
Near  Schralenherg  haranguing. 
At  Yan  Van  Poop's  unconscious  sat. 
Of  Irvine's  hearty  banging. 

43     While  valiant  Lee,  with  courage  wild, 
Most  bravely  did  op]K)se 
The  tears  of  women  and  of  child. 
Who  begg'd  he'd  leave  the  cows. 


.(4     Hut  Wayne,  of  sympathizing  heart. 
Keipiired  a  relief. 
Not  all  the  lilesvings  could  imparl 
l)f  battle  or  of  beef 

4S     I'or  now  a  prey  to  fein.ile  iliarms. 
His  Mini  to<ik  more  delight  ill 
A  lovely  Hamadryad's  arms, 
Than  cow  driving  or  lighting. 

^f^     \  nytuph,  the  refugees  had  drove 
l''ar  from  her  native  In  e, 
JU-.1  liai)peii'd  lo  be  011  tin-  move. 
When  up  came  W.iyne  ami  I,re. 

47     She  in  mad  .\nlliony's  fierce  v\v 
The  hero  saw  ]iortra\''d, 
.•\nd,  all  in  tears,  shi'  lo.ik  him  by 
—  the  bridle  of  his  jad.-. 

4S     Hear,  Siiid  the  nymph,  O  great  commander. 
No  human  lameiilations. 
The  trees  you  see  Hum  cnlting  yonder 
Are  all  my  near  relations. 

49  And  I,  forlorn,  implore  thine  aid 

To  free  the  sacred  grove  ; 

So  sli:ill  Ihy  prowess  be  repaid 

Willi  an  iinmortal's  lov<\ 

50  Now  some,  to  jtrove  she  was  a  gtwldess  ! 

Said  this  enchanting  fair. 
Hail  late  relired  from  the  //(kZ/cv, 
In  all  the  pomp  of  war. 

."ii     That  drums  and  merry  fifes  had  play'il 
To  honor  her  retreat. 
And  Ciiiiniiighaiu  himself  eouvey'd 
The  lady  through  the  slreet. 

52     Great  Wayne,  by  soft  compassion  sway'd 
To  no  inipiiry  stoops. 
Hut  takes  the  fair,  adlicled  maid 
Rii^ht  into  Van  Van  Poop's. 

,S3     So  Roman  Anthony,  they  say. 

Disgraced  th'  imperial  banner. 
And  for  a  gii)sy  lost  a  day, 
I<ike  Anthony  the  tanner. 

51  The  Hamadryad  had  but  half 

Received  reilress  from  Wayne, 
When  drums  and  colors,  cow  and  calf. 
Came  do',,  n  the  road  amain. 

55  All  in  a  cloud  of  dust  were  seen, 

The  sheep,  the  horse,  the  goat, 
The  gentle  heifer,  ass  obscene  ; 
The  yearling  and  the  shoat. 

56  And  pack  hor.scs  with  fowls  came  by, 

Befealhereil  on  each  side, 
Like  Pegasus,  the  horse  that  I 
And  other  poets  ride. 


96 


57    Sublime  upnii  ll  e  stirrups  rose  64 

Tlie  iiiiKlily  Let-  beliiml, 
Anil  ilrovf  the  terri>r-siiiitten  cows, 
I.ikc  cliafi  heforc  the  wiiiil. 

Hut  siiildeii  see  the  w(mm1s  al)Ove  65 

I'uur  ilciHii  iinotlier  corps, 
All  hclter  skelter  in  a  drove, 

Like  that  I  sunj;  before. 

Irvine  ami  terror  in  the  van,  66' 

Came  flying  all  abroad, 
And  cannon,  colors,  horse,  and  man, 

Kan  tumbling  to  the  road. 

Still  as  he  fled,  'twas  Irvine's  cry,  67 

And  his  example  t<K), 
Run  on,  my  merry  men  all — for  why?" 

The  shot  will  not  j;o  through. 

As  when  two  kennels  in  the  street,  68 

Swell'il  with  a  recent  rain, 
In  pushing  .streams  together  meet. 

Anil  seek  the  neighboring  drain, 

62    So  meet  these  dung-l)orn  tribes  in  one,  69 

As  swift  in  their  career. 
And  so  to  New  Hridge  they  ran  on — 
Hut  all  the  cows  got  clear. 

Poor  Pa.son  Caldwell,  all  in  wonder,  70 

iViw  the  returning  train. 
And  mouru'd  to  Wayne  the  lack  of  plunder, 

l'"or  them  to  steal  iigaiii. 


,S« 


.S') 


Co 


61 


6.1 


For  'twas  his  right  to  seize  the  spoil,  and 
To  share  with  each  comma  nder. 

As  he  had  done  at  Staten  Island 
With  frost-bit  .•\Iexander. 

In  his  dismay,  the  frantic  priest 

Began  t<j  grow  projjhetic. 
You  had  swore,  to  see  his  lab'ring  breast. 

He'd  taken  an  emetic. 

'  I  view  a  future  day,"  said  he, 
"  Brighter  than  this  day  dark  is, 
And  you  shall  see  what  you  shall  see, 
Ha  !  ha  !  one  pretty  marquis  ; 

And  he  shall  come  to  Paulus'  Hook, 
And  great  achievements  think  on. 

And  make  a  bow  and  take  a  look, 
Like  Satan  over  Lincoln. 

And  all  the  land  around  shall  glory 
To  see  the  I'Veiuhman  caper. 

And  pretty  Susan  tell  the  story 
In  the  next  Chatham  paper." 

This  solemn  prophecy,  of  course. 

Gave  all  nuich  consolation, 
Except  to  Wayne,  who  lost  his  horse 

Upon  the  great  occasion. 

His  horse  that  carried  all  his  prog. 

His  r.iilitar    speeches, 
His  ccrn-stalk  whisky  for  his  grog— 

Hlut  stockings  and  brown  breeches. 


71     .^nd  now  I've  clos'd  my  epic  strain, 
I  tremble  as  I  show  it. 
Lest  this  same  warrio-drover,  Wayne, 
Should  ever  catch  the  poet. 


7/, 


NOTES. 


(For  some  of  these  notes  I  am  indebted  to  Lossing's  Two  Spies  (D.  Appletou  &  Co.,  New  York),  but  most 
are  from  hi".  Field-liook,  and  a  few  are  original.) 
1  Wayne  had  been  a  tanner  before  the  Revolution. 
<  Sonpaan,  or  suppawii,  the  homelj'  dish  of  Indian-meal  mush  and  milk  then  common  in  the  colonies,  especially 

New  Kngland.     See  reference  to  it  on  page  23. 
8  Shoes  were  .scarce  in  Washington's  anny,  at  all  times. 
7  Freedom's  Pole  was  a  little  settlement  in  Bergen  County. 


97 

1"  111  liis  letu-r  to  CoiiL'russ,  Inly  26,  178.,,  concerniiiK  this  ejcpedition,  Washington  spoke  of  tlu-  AnUTican  iMiiiioii 
l>i'iiii.  too  lii'lil  to  iH-iiftnile  tlie  lo^s  of  which  it  (the  hlock-house)  was  constnicttil.  lie  als<i  attriNutd  the 
ureal  loss  of  the  Aiiiiriians  to  tlie  "  iiitiniperate  valor"  of  the  men.  Andre  exercise.!  a  poetic  license  in 
pnttiiiK  these  worils  ill  Wayne's  month  before  the  fJK'ht. 

•-■1  Ilistorv  comiiioiilv  sneaks  of  "the  two  Ir^-ines"  as  thonxh  they  were  brothers,  or  at  least  relatives.  Ilut  there 
is  no  evi.Unce  to  prove  this.  Ill  fact  the  names  are  widely  diflferent.  James  "  Irvine  is  really  James 
Fwiiiir  of  IViinsvlvania  (probablv  born  at  Lancaster).  He  coinmandid  the  I'lyini;  Cam))  in  1776,  and  was 
distititmished  in' the  fight  at  Clieslinil  Ilili,  near  I'liila<lelphia.  lie  il  w^is  that  w.is  a  1  .Iter  by  trade. 
William  Irvine,  a  physician,  is  the  one  who  took  part  in  the  attack  on  the  block-li.mse. 

■•'  I  ord  Stirliim  I  William  Alexander)  had  been  frustrated  in  his  attempt  to  gain  a  Scotch  estate  an.l  peerage,  to 
"     which  he  was  clearly  entitled.     He  assumed  the  title  of  Karl  of  Stirling  as  of  right. 

:i-'  Wayne  reported  the  cannon  too  light  for  effective  work. 

•14  fcncnl  Charles  I,ee    in  his  testimony  at  his  court  martial  after  the  b.ittle  of  Monmonlh,  spoke  i>f  Ilainillon 
"  flourishing  his  sword  ar.d  Siiving;  '  I  will  slay  and  we  will  all  die  here  011  the  spot.'  '• 
"  I  could  not  but  be  surprised,"  siiid  Lee,  "at  his  e.tpression,  but  obscrve<l  liim  much  fluttered,  an.l  in  a  s.irt 

of  freiizv  of  valor." 
Richard  Harii.s.)ii,  Washington's  secretary. 

M  Mumps  were  prevalent  in  the  patriot  army. 

A  direct  riference  to  the  old  ballad  of  C/iiTV  Chase: 

For  Witherington  needs  must  I  wayle. 

As  one  in  doleful  dumps  ; 
I'or  when  his  legges  were  smitten  off. 
He  fought  upon  his  stumps. 
r.o  "The  n.Mlies"— a  sol.lier's  slang  word  for  the  royal  troops  constituting  the  King's  Im.ly-guar.l. 
61   That  she  was  a  ilisrepntable   woman,    who  had  been  drummed  out    of   camp,   uii.ler  guard   of    the    provost- 
luaishars  force.     Cunningham  was  the  notorious  jailer  at  New  '\'ork. 

B2  A  dramshop. 

ii  Rev    Tames  Cal.lwell,  an  earnest  patri.,l  of  New  Jersey,  pastor  of  a  church  at  Connecticut  I-artns.     His  wife 

iia.l  been  shot  by  a  newly-eiiliste.l  s..lilier,  ill  the  parsonage,  when  the  liritisli,  under  knyiiliausen,  m.-i.le 

a  raid  upon  Springfield,  in   177H. 
U4  ■■  Calling  himself,   because  or.lered  ii.)l  to  .lo  it,   Earl  of  Stirling,   though  no  sterling   Karl."     In  a  winter 

'expediliim  to  Stateii  Island,  a  large  proportion  of  his  sol.liers  were  frost-bitten. 

no  Lafayette. 

67  Now  Tersev  City,  where  the  Rritish  ha.l  a  re.loubt,  which  Major  Henry  Lee  snirprise.l  in  Augu.st,  1779,  cap- 

luring  1.S9  prisoners.     (I  have  never  seen  explained  the  allusion  lo  the  city  of  Lincoln.) 
««  Miss  Sus^innah  LiviiiRstoii,  .laughter  of  Governor  William  Livingston,  of  New  Jer.sey,  who  was  suspecte.l  of 

p.ilitical  authorship. 

'^''"^'"'"\B^^^iimm^r^^.inddence,  the  signature  un.ler  Andre's  portrail-my  frontispiece -~- is  ph..tograplie,l 
from  hisofTicial  congratulatorv  letter,  as  Deputy  A.ljulant-General    to  Luyler,  the     ory  wh.)  was  Cd.mel  ., 
he  refugee  corps  which  .lefended  the  bl..ck-house.     The  original   letter   one  of  the  mos     interest,  >g.,f 
Revolutionary  .locumenls,   is  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Thomas   Addis   Kmmet,   who   kindly  allowe.l   the 
reproduction  of  the  signature.) 


^^^«%2g-^ 


Err  A  TA. 

This  item  should  havf  appeared  on  pnfie  4. 
The  Orderly-Book  of  Captain   K.  Stearns'  company,  Colonel  John    Rand's 
Massachusetts  regiment,  now  in   the   possession  of   the   Massachusetts    Historical 
Society,    records:     "August    6,    1780:     The     Honorable    General     Arnold    takes 
command  in  this  department." 

In  addition  to  Note  f,  paffe  9. 

Ann  Hawkes  Hay.  A  leUer  fioiii  him  to  Oencral  (leorKe  Clinton,  dateil  July  i),  177(1,  riconls,  ttiat  "on 
I'riday,  the  12th,  a  barRC  and  cnttt-r  from  the  liritisli  flutt  of  one  forty  and  one  lweiity-j;nn  slii)>  (the  A'd.v,-, 
Captain  Wallace,  and  Plnriii.v.  Captain  I'arker)  with  four  cutters,  ancliored  opposile  Nvael;."  Ilay'.s 
rej;imcnl  was  called  out,  the  bar^e  was  fired  on  and  driven  ofT. — .liiienmi:  .tirhiiis.  Vol.  I.,  ^Ih  Series, 
pp.  J.V**.  5*'- 

On  An^u.sl  10,  1776,  Hay  was  appointed  Commissary  of  Militia. 

On  Novendier  jo,  1776,  General  John  Morin  Scott,  writinj;  to  Washington,  refers  to  Colonel  Ilay  .is  ".1 
jjentleman  uncommonly  spirited  in  the  ]nil)lick  can.se."     (Pane  929.) 

In  addition  to  Note  (>,  page  jj. 
Major  Kiers  is  al.so  referred  to  in  \\w  .liiiniciiii  .hrhizrs:  His  store  (Haverslraw  1  is  mentioned,  July  l9,  1776 
(Vol.  X.,  ]).  452).     On  October  10,  1776,  he   is  mentioned  as  paid  /,'27    lis.  3d.  for  a])preheudiii^;  desertert. 
(pane  2;,6;,  and  the  sum  of  ^400  is  arkuowledKed  due  to  him  for  provisions  for  the  public  use  (  pa^e  J.i^). 

This  should  have  made  part  of  Note  y.  on  pai;e  ff. 
Samuel  Youngs  was  born  in   1760,   and  died  in   iS,^7.     He   was  a   well-known  figure  in    Westchester  County, 
and  held  the  office  of  Surrogate  for  several  terms. 
It  has  been  claimed  that  from  him  Irving  drew  the  character  of  f(/iiif>oil  Cnine. — M.  1).  Ravtiiond,  Souvenir, 
etc.,  Tarrytown,  iS.So. 

This  should  have  appeared  on  i)age  7/. 
John  Hughes  was  born  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  17.^9,     His  father,  liarnabas  Hu.nhes,  removed  to 

!i  later  years  was  cast   much  of  the 

two    Hughes,    Daniel    and    Sanuul, 

of  the   Kevolulion.)     At  seventeen 

John  Hughes  :     Daniel  and  Samuel  Hn.^hes  were  the  elder  brothers  .;nt  (of   Penn_sylvania)  the  "  Second 

•'""        V  ,?     .    ■     ,1  ss  Own.        He   served  with  endit, 

of  Captain  John.  my,  as  captain,  in    17S1.     IK-   then 

ear  Havre  di.'  Gr.ice,  where  he  dii  il 

avre  de  (".race,  ill  1S1.1,  the  Ilunhis 

im  is  known  to  exist.     He  was  (Uie 

ot  tlio  orininai  memhers  ol  the  Cincinnati.     Mr.  John  Sterett  Gittinns,  of  liallimore,  is  his  nit"'l  K"""''-""' 

and  to  him  I  am  indebted  for  the  aulonraph  shown  on  jiajie  71. 

This  should  have  appeared  on  page  jy. 
Benjamin  Tallmadge  was  born  in  Setauket,  Long  Island,  February  25,  1754,  and  died  in  Lilrhfield,  Connecticut, 
March  7,  iS.^i;. 

He  was  a  Yale  graduate,  and  a  cla.ssmate  of  the  unfortunate  Nathan  Hale.  Joiniun  the  jiatriot  army  in  177.S,  be 
served  throunhonl  the  war,  atlaininn  the  rank  of  Colonel,  .ind  enjoying  the  es]ieeial  favor  of  W.isliingloii. 
He  is  ,sup]iosed  to  have  been  the  Chief's  only  confidant  in  .some  of  the  imiiortaiit  det.iils  of  his  employment 
of  spies.  After  the  war  he  was  a  merchant  in  Litchfield,  and  from  i.Soi  to  1S17  was  a  member  of  Congress. 
In  this  capacity  he  was  vehemently  op])osed  to  the  incre.ising  of  the  .AndK"  ca))tors'  pensions,  cl.iiniing  lh.it 
they  were  not  actuated  by  any  motives  of  patriotism.  .Mthougb  really  a  n.ative  of  the  slate  of  New  Vork, 
his  identification  with  Sheldon's,  a  Connecticut  regiment,  anil  his  long  residence  at  Litchfield,  have 
usnallv  cause<l  him  to  be  regarded  as  a  native  of  Connecticut. 

Among  Ills  many  important  services  during  the  Kcvohition,  none  was  attended  with  greater  results  than  his 
securing  the  recall  of  Aiidrd  when  aluiost  in  reach  of  Arnold. 


Erka'iw. 

This  item  should  have  afipcaitd  on  /><ixf  4. 
Tlic  Orderly-Book  of  Captain    E.  Stearns'  company,  CoIoulI   ,I<ilin    Rand's 
Massachnsetts  regiment,  now  in   the   possession  of   the  Massaclinselts   Historical 
Society,    records:    "  Angnst    6,    1780:     The     Honorable    General     Arnold     takes 
command  in  this  department." 

/ii  addilioii  to  A'otf  f,  /<tti;i'  q. 
Ann  Hawkes  Hay.  A  letter  from  liini  to  Cruncral  (leorKi'  Clinton,  daleil  July  i.(.  \yjf>,  records,  tliat  "on 
I'riday,  tlic  i2tli,  a  liarm'  and  ttittiT  from  the  liritisli  llt'el  of  o:k'  forty  anil  one  twenty-jrnn  sill]!  (till'  A'mr. 
Captain  Wallace,  and  /'liiciiix,  Cai)tain  I'arker)  ivitli  fonr  entlers,  anclicred  oiUMisile  Nyack."  Hay's 
regiment  was  called  out,  the  barj^'e  was  tired  on  and  driven  off, — .liiuriivii  .hrhiiis,  \ol.  1.,  5II1  Series, 
I>1>-  .V1«.  h'^"- 
On  August  10,  1776,  Hay  was  ai)pointed  Commissiiry  of  Militia. 

On  November  ,v>,  1776,  General  John  Morin  .Scott,  writinj;  to  Wasliiimtoii,  refers  tt>  Colonel  Hay  .is  "a 
gentleman  uncoinnionly  spirited  in  the  ])uhlick  cause."     ( Tage  929.) 

In  addition  to  A'otc  6,  /iiii;e  5. 
Major  Kiers  is  also  referred  to  in  the  .tiiiiiiraii  .-lirhizrs:  His  store  (Hav<rstra\vi  is  nuiitioned.  July  i9.  177(1 
(Vol.  X.,  p.  452).     (Jn  October  10,  1776,  he  is  uieiUioned  as  paid  /.■27    lis.  2d.  for  appreliendiuf;  iliserlen. 
(page  23ft},  and  the  sum  of  ^400  is  acknowledKC<l  due  to  him  for  provisions  for  the  public  use  ( I'''^"-'  .'i.V'*)- 

This  sho/i/d  have  made-  part  of  Note  5,  on  page  J5. 
Samuel  Youngs  was  born  in   1760.   and  died  in   1S37.     He   was  a    well-known  figure  in    Westchester  County, 
and  held  tlie  office  of  Surrogate  for  .several  terms 
It  has  been  claimed  that  from  him  Irving  drew  the  character  of  frluihrnl  Cniiie. — .M.  I).  Raymond,  Soireeiiiy, 
etc.,  Tarrylown,  i.SSo. 

This  should  have  appeared  on  page  7/. 
John  Hughes  was  born  in  I.anca.ster  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  17,59.  His  father,  liarn.ibas  Hughes,  removed  to 
Mar)daiid  in  17'y),  and  built  an  iron  ftuiudry  near  Hagerstown,  wliere  in  later  \-ears  was  cast  much  of  the 
cannon  .itul  sl.ot  used  by  the  Continental  army.  (The  names  of  two  Hughes.  D.iniel  and  .Sanuul. 
probably  his  successors,  (>"cur  fre(|uently  in  the  Maryland  records  of  the  Kevohition.)  .\l  seventeen 
young  Hughes  entired  tile  army  as  lieutenant  in  Colonel  Ha/en's  regiment  (of  rennsylvania)  Hie  "  Semml 
Canadian,"  generally  known  .as  the  Congress  regiment,  or  "Congress's  Own."  He  served  with  cu  ilit. 
particularly  at  llraudywine  and  Germanlown,  and  resigned  from  the  army,  as  ca|itain,  in  I7'*i.  He  llii  11 
married  .Miss  Chamberlaine,  of  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  and  settled  near  Havre  de  Grace,  where  lie  died 
M.iy  21,  iSo.s,  leavin,g  three  daughters.  When  the  Ilrilish  captured  Havre  de  Grace,  in  181,^,  the  Hughes 
homestead  was  burned,  with  all  its  contents,  aiul  hence  no  portrait  of  him  is  known  lo  exist.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  members  of  the  Cincinnati.  Mr.  John  .Sterelt  Gitlings.  of  lialtimore,  is  his  great  grandson, 
and  to  him  I  am  indebted  for  the  autograiih  .shown  on  page  71. 

This  should  have  appeared  on  page  jy. 
Benjamin  Tallmadge  was  born  in  Setaukel,  Long  Island,  February  25,  1754,  and  died  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut, 
March  7,  i.S.\S- 

He  was  a  Vale  graduate,  and  a  cla.ssmate  of  the  unfortunate  Nathan  Hale.  Joining  the  patriot  anny  in  177.';.  he 
serveil  througlioiil  the  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  Colonel,  and  enjoying  the  espeei.il  favor  of  \\'ashiiigloi). 
He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Chief's  (udy  confidant  in  some  of  tlie  important  details  of  his  emjdoynient 
of  spies.  .After  the  war  he  was  a  merchant  in  Litchfield,  ami  from  i.Soi  to  1S17  was  a  membi  r  of  Congress. 
In  this  ca]),acity  he  was  vehemently  opposed  to  the  increasing  of  the  .Andre  ca]itors'  pensions,  elaindng  that 
they  were  not  actuated  by  any  motives  of  ]ialriotisin.  AltlHaigh  really  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  \'urk, 
his  identification  with  .Shelilon's,  a  Connecticut  regiment,  and  his  long  residence  at  I.itchruld,  have 
iisuallv  caused  him  to  be  regarded  as  a  native  of  Connecticut. 

Among  his  many  important  .services  during  the  Revolution,  none  was  attended  with  greater  resull:^  than  his 
securing  the  recall  of  .Andre  when  almost  in  reach  of  Arnold. 


This  autograph  should  have  appeared  on  page  /p. 


^f-'^n^Zif 


fi<^ 


This  should  have  appeared  on  page  59- 
Jedediah  Huntington  was  Ixirn  in  Norwich  Coiui.,  Aiik'usI  4,  174.^.  :""l  <l'i''  '"  ^'i^w  I.<"i'l"".  Scpteinln-r  25, 
iSrS.  Ik-  came  (if  a  faiiiilv  (listiiiK'iiislifil  for  iialriotism,  his  father,  GiMieral  Jahez  IlmitiiiKtoii,  aiKl  his 
four  lirothers,  taking  an  active  part  in  the  Kevohitioii.  He  himself  raised  a  re),'iiiienl,  in  wliich  he 
was  a  captain,  whicli  joined  WasliiiiKton's  arniv  at  OanihriilKc ;  and  from  that  tune  until  tlie  end 
of  hostilities  he  took  an  active  part  in  its  campaiKMS,  attainiii),'  the  rank  of  Hrevet  Major  Ceiieral,  After 
peace  was  declared  he  held  varions  positions  of  Irnst  and  honor  in  his  native  stale,  ciilminalliiK  in  the 
Collectorship  of  New  I.onilon,  to  which  he  was  appointed  hy  WashinK'ton,  in  1789,  and  winch  he  retaineil 
until  1.S15.  lie  was  one  of  the  ori)jiiial  members  of  tile  Cincinnati. 
(As  the  portraits  of  most  of  the  memhers  of  the  Andre  court-martial  are  well  known,  I  have  not  thought  it 
necessiirv  to  reproduce  them.  Ceneral  llnntiiiKton's,  however,  is  very  scarce,  and  I  am  indebted  to  fJr. 
Kinniet  for  it.     Of  Oeneral  I'arsons  I  believe  no  portrait  exists.) 

Sutherland's  letter,  paf;e  79,  should  be  dated  1780,  not  1781, 

Andre's  Statement.  -On  the  20th  of  September  I  left  New  York,  to  ^et  on  board  the  I'lilluir,  in  order  (as  I 
thouKht)  to  meet  Ceneral  Arnold  there  in  the  ni>;lit.  No  boat,  however,  came  olT,  and  I  waited  on  board 
until  the  iiiKht  of  the  21st.  **»»*!  went  into  the  boat,  landed,  and  spoke  with  .\riiolil.  I  got  on  horse- 
back with  him  to  ])roceed  to t  lumse,  and  in  the  way  passed  a  guard  I  did  not  expect  to  see,  liaving 

Sir  Henry  Clinton's  directions  not  to  go  within   an  enemy's   post,   or  (piil   my  own   dress.     (The   rest 
corresponds  with  the  general  narrative  as  given. — w.  A. ) 

t  Smith's. 


This  should  have  appeared  (is  part  of  note  on  page  23. 

Richard  Varick  was  born  in  Hackenwick,  N.  J.,  March  25,  1753,  and  died  in  Jersey  City,  July  30,  1831. 
Comniis.sioued  a  Captain  ill  McDongall's  New  York  Regimeut  in  1775.  I'c  rose  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel  in  1777  as  Deputy  Muster-master  General.  He  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  Arnold's  military  genius 
and  became  his  Ai<l.  The  discovery  of  the  treason  nearly  upset  his  reason  (as  it  did  that  of  Major  Franks). 
He  became  Recording  Secretary  to  Washington  soon  afterwards,  ami  after  the  war  was  Recorder  of  New 
York  City  (17S3-S9),  and  from' 1791  to  1801  he  was  Mayor  (the  first)  of  the  city.  He  was  many  years 
President  of  the  Merchants'  Hank  and  of  the  American  Bible  Society.  In  all  the  relations  of  life  he  was 
most  exemplary,  a  model  man  in  both  public  and  private  life. 


X 


^^ -A^u^A^/^/^^ 


SUPPLEMENT   TO 

THE  CRISIS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 

JUNE  1,  1909 


Since  the  publication  of  tliis  work,  some  .additional  facts  and  a  few  trillinsf  errata  have 
been  discovered  which  seem  to  make  it  advisable  to  issue  this  as  a  supplement. 

lUit  it  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  to  tiic  author  that  no  serious  error  has  as  yet  been 
detected  by  any  critic — a  newspaper  discussion  of  a  few  years  af;o  repardinp  tlie  number 
of  Andre's  captors  failing  to  upset  his  statement  that  there  were  eifjht  of  them  instead  of 
the   commonly-received   seven. 

CHANGES  AND  ADDITIONS 

Page     4.  The   South   Cart)lina   Gt'iicaln^ical  and  Historical  Mat^aciiie  of  July,  1002,  says:  Bel- 

zrdcrc  was  only  the  name  of  a  plantation,  not   a  town,  and  her   father  was  John 

Gordon,  of  Charleston. 
Page  13.   (Map  opposite.)      Note  14.     The  cannon-ball  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  R.  B. 

Coutant,  of  Tarrytown. 
r'ape  39.  John   I.   r>outon   should  be  John   F. 
Page  39.  Note  2.     "  .Xndrew  "   Anderson   should   be  .Alexander. 
Page  48.  James  Cox  should  be  Cock. 

Page  49.  One  of  the    .\udre  captors'  medals  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  N'ew  York  His- 
torical   .Society, 
r'sge  57.  The  diagram  is  wrong  as  to  the  window  in  the   north   wall.      It  should   be  «•«/  of 

the  fire-place,  not  east. 
The   building   is   now    (1909)    repaired  and  in  good  condition. 
Page  84.  The  monument  and  its  site  are  now  owned    by    the    .American    Scenic    and    Historic 

Preservation   Society. 
Page  107.  Add   after   No.    194:     "His   Captors  to  .Andre. 

And  after  Xo.   [i/>:     196  <;  Trifles  in  Verse,  by  a  Young  Soldier.    (J.  Marjoribanks.) 
Kelso,  Scotland,   1784.     Contains  poem,  ".Andre  to  Washington." 

196b  Andre's  Ghost  (The  Family  Tablet).     Ed.  by  Rev.  Dr.  Abiel  Holmes  (father 
of  O.  W.   Holmes)    Pjoston,   1796. 
Page  io8.  Add   to   No.    199:      Horatio   Hubbell,  Phila.,  1847. 

.Add  after  No.  201.     "  I'oston.  1852." 

Add  to  No.  201  a:    Andre,  by  Rev.   \V.  W.  Lord.     X.  Y.,  Scribner,  1852. 

FICTION  ADDED 

No.  2020  Secrets  of  Arnold's  Treason;  or  Victors  and  X'ictims,  by  Charles  P.  Sumner,  N.  Y., 
Hilton  &  Co.,  n.  d. 
202  &  A   Great   Treason,   by    Mary    A.    M.  Hoppus,  N.  Y.     Macmillan,  1883. 
202  c  The   Eventful    Nine  Days.     Tarrytown  Argus.     Dec.  19,  1885. 
205a  Sad  Tales  and  Glad  Tales,  by  "Reginald  Reverie"   (Grenville  Mcllen),  Boston,  S. 
G.  Goodrich,   1828.     Contains  "  The  Spy  and  the  Traitor,"  50  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    MAJOR    ANDRE. 

[This  (iriKiiially  apiKMRd  i  tUf  A/<ti;<i:i>if  flf' .Imrnavi  ///,v/ivt  for  January,  1S82  (  \'()1.  H, 
No.  i),  and  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Charlt'.s  .\.  Cani|)lioll.  I  havt-  re  arran^i'il  it  in  a  form  more 
convenient  for  refcrenci-.  and  Ikivi'  nddcd  a  little  to  il. — \v.  a.] 

BIOGRAPHY. 

1.  ANDRfe,    Mkmoirs    of    Majok    JdiiN.      Wiiitlirop    Sirnent.      unio.     Ilo.ston  :  Ticknor   iS: 

Fields,  1 86 1. 

2.    ,   LiFK  OF.     Cr.  8vo.     Xcw  York  :   I).   .Aiipkton  vS:  Co.,  [871.     Portraits  of  mitlior  and 

Andrd".     (A  reprint,  not  a  revi.sed  copy,  of  the  first-named.) 

3.  Arnold,  Life  of.     By  Isaac  N.  Arnold.     lanio.     Cliica^o :  A.  C.    McClurx  iS:  Co.,  18N). 

Gives  an   account    in   which    he  endeavors  to  show   the  incentives   to   Arnold's  treason. 
(I.   N.  Arnold   was  President  of  the  Chicago  Historiial  Society,  and  only  very  remotely 
couuected  with  the  traitor's  family.) 
4. ,  LiPK  ANij  Tki<.\.S().\  of.      Jared  Sparks.      i6nio.     fVol.   3  of  Aiinriraii  lUography.) 

5.    ,  Trk.xson  OF.     — Atwill.     Northampton,  .Ma.ss.,  iS3f).     (A  very  rare  pamphlet. ) 

6.    ,  Tkkason  of.     Geo.  C.  Hill.     Hoston,  185S. 

(For  corresix)ndenee  lietween  TallniadKe  and  Sparks,  .see  Magazine  0/  Annrinni 
/listniy,  December,  1879,  pp.  2^'i-?-^h.  The  letters  are  (1S82)  in  ]K)sses.sion  of  Mary  V,. 
Norwood,  N.  V. 

GENERAL    ACCOUNTS. 

7.  ANDRf-;-ANA.     H.W.Smith.     8vo.     Phila.,1865.     Contains  the  trial  and  kindred  matter. 

8.  Bancroft,  History  of  United  Status,  Vol.  10,  p.  395.    He  followed  "  oidy  contemjxirary 

documents,  which  are  abundant  and  of  the  truest  character,  and  which,  taken  collecti\ely, 
solve  every  question. " 

9.  Bolton,    Rev.    R.,    History   of   W'kstciie.ster    County.      ist    edition,    1848;    2d    edi- 

tion,  1881. 
ID.    BoYNTON.     See  No.  40. 

11.  Cooper,  J.  Feniwore,  The  Travelling  Bachelor.     Gives  jjarticulars  of  Arnold's  own 

statement,   from  a   British  officer,   and  Lafayette's  recollections  (1824)    (and  .some  other 
matter  less  reliable. — \v.  A.). 

12.  Dearborn,  General  H.  A.,  Military  Journal. 

13.  DuNLAP,  Williaji,  IIlstorv  of  New  York,  \'o1.  2,  ch.  13. 

14.  Kmmkt,  Dr.  Thos.   Addis,  of  New  York,  has  an  enlarged  copy  of  Sargent  and  .Indre  ana, 

the  two  beiuK  extended  to  seven  volumes  thick  8vo,  by  insertion  of  a  large  iiundKr  of 
autograph  letters,  jxjrtraits,  etc. 

15.  Greene,  General  Natiianael,  Life  of.     By  Professor  Geo.  W.  Greene.     Vol.  2,  p.  227. 

16.  Hamilton,  Alexander,  Life  of.     By  John  C.  Hamilton.     Vol.  i,  p.  262. 


1()2 

17.  IIaki'Kk's  Maca/ini:,     Vtils.  ;,  a:,(U\v     Article  by  Lossing,  May,  1S76. 

is.  Hkadi.hy,  Washington  and  His  Gknkkai.s.     Hy  J.  T.  Headky. 

19.  IIii.DKirni,  IIisToKv  OF  I'nithd  Status.     Vol.  3,011.41,  gives  an  oiuline. 

20.  HiHToRiCAi.    Maca/ink     ( Dawsoii's) ,    Morrisaiiia,    New   York.     Augu.st,    1.S59;    August, 

1S63;  Supplement  of  i«66;   DecemlK-r,  1870. 
Ji.    Holland,   Ki.iiiu  G.,    IvssAvs.     Contains  a   play,   entitled    "The  Highland  Treason."      (I 

have  not  lieen  able  to  find  it. — \v.  A. ) 
22.    Hi-i.L's  Revoi.I.'.onaky  Skkvicbs.      Ky  General  \Vm.  Hull,     On  Andre  and  Natluui  Hale. 
2^.    IRVINC-.,    Life   of    Washington.     Vols.  2   and  4.     He  made  use  of  the  MSS.  of  Colonel 

Benjamin  Tailmadge. 

24.  Lamu,  Colonel  John,  Ijfic  of.     By  I.saac  Q.  Leake. 

25.  Letters   About   tiik    Hitdson.      By    I'reenian    Hunt.      1836.     Contains   .some   tr.aditional 

gossi])  (see  p.   4. — \v.  \. ) 

26.  Lord  Mahon  (Stanhope).     See  No.  63. 

27.  LossiNG,  KiKLD-BooK  oi-  THE  REVOLUTION.     By  Benson  J.  Lo.ssing.     2  vols.     8vo.     New 

York  :  Harjicr  &  Bros.,  i8jo.  Vol.  i,  chaps.  30,  31,  32,  gives  an  account  which  contains 
much  local  detail,  fully  illustrated.  His  book,  T/ic  Hudson  from  Wildcrnc^^  to  Sai,  4to, 
New  York,  1866,  gives  a  general  account,  illu.strated. 

28.  Marhois,    CoMi'LOT    D' Arnold   ET   Sir    H.    Clinton,  etc.     Par    Barbe  Maljois  (French 

Secretary  of  Legation  to  the  United  States  during  the  Revolution).  For  a  translation 
of  it,  see  No.  38. 

29.  .Marshall,  Life  of  Washington.     Vol.  4,  p.  274. 

30.  MhMORiALs,  Historical  Society  of  Penn.,  Vol.  6,  p.  329,  and  Sn?:i;rii/,  p.  266,  and  Appendix, 

for  opinions  of  Marbois.     (See  also  Greene.) 

31.  Natio.jal  Quarterly  Review,  December,  1862. 

32.  New  MiRRr)R  FOR  TravkllEks.     By  "  An  Amateur. "     New  York,  1828,  pp.  103-109. 

33.  Niles'   Register.     Vol.  20. 

^4.    Pictorial    Hlstorv    oi-    England.      Gives    an    account    from   the    Briti.sh   Tory   point 
of  view. 

35.  ,  -iiarf,  J.  T.,  History  of  Westchester  County.     1886. 

36.  Shaw,  Major  Samuel,  Journals  OF.     By  Jo.siah  Quincy.     8vo.     Boston,  1847,  p.  77. 

37.  Southern  Literary  Messenger.    \'o1.  11. 

38.  Walsh's  American  Register.     Vol.     ,  :8i7.     Gives  a  translation  of  Marbois. 
Washington  and  the  Generate  <,f  the  American  Revolution.     Philadelphia,  1848. 

(Suppo.sed  to  be  written  by  Bancroft.)     Gives  a  biography  of  Arnold 

40.  West  Point,  History  of.     By  General  H.  V.  Boynton.     8vo.     New  York,  1863      Points 

out  the  military  importance  of  tl.e  place,  and  gives  a  general  accpuiit. 

41.  WiNsoR,  JusTiw,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  the  United  States.     Vol  6, 

Boston,  1 88 1. 

ENGLISH    COMMENT. 

42.  Adoli'HUS,  History  of  iCngland.     \'o\.    3,    chap.    39,    takes    "an   adver.se   view   of  the 

American  grounds." 

43.  BiDDLR.  nswcr  to  Lord  Mahon).     vSee  No.  62. 

44.  Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.     Vol.  2. 

45.  Chambers' Biographical  Dictionary.     Article,"  Washington." 

46.  Chambers'  Encyclop-Bdia  (1859  edition)  unfavorable  to  Audr6,  and  refers  to  No.  43,  ante. 


y)- 


I03 

47-    Ci.TNTON  —  OiisKKVATiONS  ON  S'iKUMAN  (No.  73).     Bv  Sir  Heiirv  Cliiitoii.     Loiulon,  1794. 
Was  privately  reprinted  in  New  York  in  1864. 

48.  CoKK,  Travkls  or  A  SUDALTKRN  (in  America  ).     By  Iv  T.  Coke.      London,  iS — . 

49.  COLDSTRKAM   Gl'AKD.S,    ORK'.IX   AND  SURVICKS  OK.      My  MacKinnon.      \'<)1  2,  ell.  9. 

50.  Critic  ant    Litkraky  Journ.m..     London,  Angust  15,  1^57. 

51.  Genti,kman'.s  iNLvcazink.     London,  Jannary,  1855. 

52.  Geographic  A  i„  Commkrciai.,  etc.,  \'ik\v  of  UNrrHi)  Stati:s.     (See  No.  76,   so/.}    liy 

Winterliotliani.      London,  1794. 

53.  HiNTON,  Historical  and  Tovograpiiicai,  Historv  ok  Unitiuj  St.vtics. 

54.  History  of  England  —  Lord  Malion  (afterward  Earl  Stanlio]K-).     \'o\.  7.     London,  r854. 

Deiiounce.s  Andre's  execution.     Answered  by  C.  J.  Biddle.     See  No.   (12. 

55.  History  of  England.     Ma.s.sey.     V^l.  3,  cli.  25. 

56.  "  "  Lord  Malic         Vol.  7.     London,  1854. 

57.  Historical  Magazine.     New  York,  july,  1S57. 

58.  "  "  Boston,  Vol.  I,  No.  4,  \\  102. 

59.  London  General  Evening  I'ost,  Novenilwr  14,  1780. 

60.  London  Daily  News  (quoted  in  No.  62,  p.  388,  scij.). 

61.  M.XTiiicw,    Lieutenant,   Journal  ok.     This  journal   was  coninninicatcl  to  Thomas   i;alcli, 

Philadelphia,  and  published  in  the  Histoiail  Magazine  (No.  57,  ante'). 

62.  Mejiorials   of   the   Historical   Society  of  Peuna.     Vol.   6.     {"  Conlribiitions   to   .Imciinin 

Hisloiy.")  8vo.  Pliila.,  1858.  In  this  is  a  very  full  statement  of  Andre's  case  in  its 
relations  to  military  law.     See  also  Vol.  6,  pp.  319-416,  for  summary. 

63.  Miscellanies.     By  Lord  Mahon  (ICarl  Stanhope).     2d  Series.     London,  1872.     In  tliJN  lie 

.states  he  held  a  corresiwndence  with  Geor<;e  Tickiior,  the  historian,  on  the  suliject  of 
Miss  Seward's  statements.  This  led  to  Mr.  Ticknor's  .searching  Colonel  Hniuphrevs' 
papers,  t'"  (^1855)  in  the  pos.scs-;i()n  of  Mr.  I).  G.  Olm.stead,  of  New  York.  (See 
Pottpr's.,.        .    ^n  Monthly,  Augr       1876,  No.  69,  .f/v/. ) 

64.  Mo-  N  N         \  Andre.     Mis.i  Seward.     I'utter's  .-I iinn'ta  11  .1  Aw t/ity.  1S76. 

65.  '  ,  OiA        /F  American  Revoh'Tion.     I'rank  Moore.     \'ol.  2,  pp.  393,  481. 

66.  N'      "ORK  IN  THE   Revolutionary  War.     Jones.     \'ol    i,  chap.  18,  says  Arnold  pl;iye(l 

"     ..oble  and  virtuous  part."     See  akso  p.  737. 

67.  Noi  ■  A  American  Review.     Boston,  January,  1855. 

68.  Pictorial  History  of  t  /    .<eion  of  George  III.     L<'ndon,  \'ol.  i,  p.  434. 
6g.    Pc'ter's  American  Mv'-    .  ily.     Philadel])hi;i :  J.  Iv  Poller  &  Co.,  August,  1.S76. 

70.  Romii.lv,  Sir  vSamuel,  Life  of.     Vol.  i,  p.  104. 

71.  Sabin's  American  Bihliopolist.     October,   1872.     (Reprint  Saturday  A\z'i,u\) 

72.  Saturday  Review.     London,  1872.     (Reprinted,  see  above. ) 

73.  vStedmax,   History  of  the  American  War.     London,   1794.     This  book,  according  to 

Lowndes,  was  written  by  William  Thomson,  LL.D.  The  copy  in  the  binary  of  the  late 
John  Carter  Brown,  Providence,  R.  I.,  Ijelo;  ^ed  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  himself,  and 
contains  his  MS.  account  of  the  Andr^  affair.  This  is  printed  in  Sargent,  pp.  415-419; 
also  in  New  York  Tribune,  May  24,  1875,  and  Jones'  Nch'  York  in  Revolution,  \'u\.  i, 
p.  737.  A  section  of  it  is  lacking  in  that  given  by  Lord  Mahow  (//istory  0/  J^nt;iani/, 
Vol.  7),  and  reprinted  in  Memorials,  Historical  Society,  etc.  (.see  No.  62,  ante). 

74.  Tribune.     New  York,  May  24,  1875. 

75.  United  States,  Cuba  and  Canada,  The.     lion.  H.  A.  Murray.     London,  1857. 

76.  Winterbotham's,  Rev.  George,  Geographical,  Commercial,  irrc,  \'iew  of  rNiTKi) 

States.     London,  1794 


104 


THE    CASE    OF    MAJOR  ANDRE. 


77.  "  TiiK  Cask  oi'  Major  John  Andrk,  Adjutant  General  to  tiik  Hkitish  Ak.mv,  who 

WAS  I'lT   TO   DKATH    BV  THE    REHEUS,  OCTOBKK  2,    I780,  CANDIDLY  RKI'KESKNTED  :    WITH 

Ri;makks  ON  THE  SAID  CASE."     Ncw  York  :  kiviiigton,  17.S0.     410,  pp.  27. 

This  is  in  tlie  Brown  Library,  Providence.  It  was  probably  never  pnblished,  for  this 
copy,  the  only  one  known  to  exist,  is  nuule  up  of  the  i)rintcr's  proofs.  It  was  iinques- 
ticinably  drawn  up  under  Clinton's  supervision,  and  my  own  opinion,  alter  a  very  careful 
exainin.ition  of  it,  is  that  it  was  written  by  Clinton  himself —  intended  by  him  to  be 
liublished  as  an  offset  to  the  "  ProceediuKS  of  a  Board,"  i.ssued  by  the  Americans,  but 
withdrawn  from  the  press  by  him  after  the  tyjies  had  teen  set  up  and  the  first  proofs 
taken,  {^vt^  Magazine  of  American  History,  Decend)er,  1S79,  p.  742. )  It  is  in  Sargent, 
p.  274.  It  states  that  the  gallows  was  "placed  in  full  view  of  the  windows  of 
Washington's  headquarters,  as  if  the  .sight  afforded  him  pleasure." 

ANDRE'S    TRIAL. 

78.  AmI'Kican  Ckiminal  Trials.      P.  \V.  Chandler,     Vol.  2.     Boston,  iPGi. 

79.  Bovnton's  Histokv  oi-  West  Point,  pp.   1^7-147.  contains  y^o/w*  of  the  proceedings. 

(It  is  rather  a  manifesto  than  a  report  of  the  trial.      It  does  not  contain  Andre's  statement, 
which  is  in  Sargent,  \i.  149) 

80.  Generals  or  the  Ame'^cax  Revolution  (contains  biographies  of   the  mend)ers  of  the 

Board  of  OtTieers).     vSupposed  to  be  by  Geo.  Bancroft. 

81.  Gentleman's  Magazine.     London,  i-]\io,  et  seq. 

82.  Greene,  General  N.,  Ln'E  of.     By  G.  W.  Greene.     P.  234. 
83. ,  LU'E  or.     By  —  Johnson.     Vol.  i.     Note  on  p.  20S. 

84.  Hamilton,  Lii'E  oE.     By  John  C.  Hamilton.     Vol.  i,  pp.  271-;,.     Contains  Andre's  .state- 

ment to  H. 

85.    ,  Writings  Oi\     Contains  letters  by  Hamilton  to  Laurens,  Sears,  and  Miss  Scl-.uyler. 

86.  International  Law.     Hallcck.     Pp.  407-9. 

87.  L0.SSING,  KiELD-BooK.     Vol.  I,  p.  770. 

88.  MEMORI.M.S,  Historical  Society  Pen    1.     Vol.  6,  pp.  341,  398,  etc. 

89.  Prockedinc.s  oe   a    Board  ok   General  Officers,  etc.      8vo,  p.    zi.      Philadelphia: 

Francis  Bailey,  17S0.     (  Reprinted  in  Boynton,  pp.  127-147.) 

90.  Sarc-.ent.     Pp.    347-360.     Both   contain    Washington's   letter,    September   29,    as    well  as 

other  letters.      (Also  p.  380.) 

91.  Sparks,  Life  of  Washington.     Vol.  7. 

92.  Steuben,  Life  of.     By  Kapp. 

ij3.    Rhode  Island   Historical  Collecion.s.     \'o1.  6.     Revolutionary  Correspondence 
(Greene's  letters). 

94.   Colonial  Records.     Vol.  9,  p.  246. 

95.  State   Paper   Office,  London  —  American   and   West    Indies.    Vol.  126.     Contains 

Clinton's  official  despatches,  his  letters,  Oct()l)er  11,  12,  16,  30.     (Also  n.sed  by  Sparks  and 
Sargent. ) 

96.  Traditions  of  the  Revolution.     Johnson.     Pp.  255-7. 

97.  Troy  Moi.nino  Whig,  April  — ,    1S79,  contains  a  letter  from  Tallmadge   to  Webb,  Sep- 

tember 30,  1780.     (Part  of  it  is  in  No.  88,  above.) 


I05 
ANDRE'S    EXECUTION    AND    BURIAL. 

98.  Bakhkk  an'u  Howk's  Histokicai,  Coi,i.kction,s,  Nkw  Jbksky.     R  77.    ( Aho  in  Sti>-i!,nf, 

P-  396.) 

99.  Bland  Papers.     Vol.  2,  p.  33. 

100.   Chicago  Kvknim;  Jul-rnai,,  August  27,  1S79. 
loi.    Child,  Mr.s.  L.  M.,  L,kttick.s  from  New  Youk. 

102.  Chrlstian     Journal    and    Literary    RK(;ister.     Vol.    5.      .Ww    York,     lH^i    (dis- 

internieiit). 

103.  Ciiv  and  Country,  Xyack,  N.  V.,  ScptLinljcr  26,  1S79.     (C.  M.  O'dIiims'  kttcr. ) 

104.  Connecticut  Coi'RANT,  Octol)er  24,  1 7S0.     (  Reprinted  in  .         York  I^('//(/,  .September  14 

and  16,  1879.) 

105.  Continental    Journal.     Boston,    OctolK'r    26,     1780.     (.See    A'cr.'   F.nghmd  Ma^ra^htf, 

No.  122,  below.) 

106.  Coi'RiER,  Caiiajoliarie,  N.  Y.,  Septenilier  27,  1879. 

107.  Dewees'   (S.vm'l)  Likic  AND  SERVICES.     Baltimore,  1844,  pp.  208-24. 

108.  Evangelist,  New  York,  Ja.uiary  30,  1879,  February  27,  1879. 

109.  Evening  Post,  New  York,  August  11,  1831. 

no.  Farmer  and  Moore's  Collections.     Vol.  3,  p.  288. 

111.  Harper's  Magazine,  August,  1855. 

112.  He.\th's  Memoirs  (General  Wm.  Heath). 

113.  Historical  Collections  of  New  York,  p.  479.     (Reprinted  in  Siuxe/i/,  p.  396.) 

114.  History  of  Masonic  Lodge,  No.  61,  Wii.kics  Bakre,  Pa.     By  Ilarvex-. 

115.  Joel  Barlow,  Life  of.     By  Todd. 

116.  Knickerbocker  Magazine.     Vol.  16.     1840.     Editor's  Tal)le. 

117.  Mag.\zine  of  American  History.     September,   1877,  p.  573;  December,  1879,  p.  754. 

(Cf.  Sargent,  pp.  40S-411.)     September,  1879,  ]>.  574;  July,  1880,  p.  59. 

118.  Magazine    of    N.vtural    Hlstorv.      J.     C.     Loudon.       Vol     4.     I<cindon,     1831,     pp. 

1 12-1 14. 

119.  Memori.vus,   Historical  Society  Penna.     Vol.  6,  pp.  372-5. 

120.  Military  Journal.     Tiiacher.     8vo.     Boston,  1827,  p.  225. 

121.  National  Lntellu;encer.     January  14,  February  25,  March  4,  1817. 

122.  New  England  M.vgazinf.     Boston,  May,  183.)..     Vol.  6,  p.  358. 

123.  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1875. 

124.  New  York  F^vangelist.     January  30,  1879;  F'ebruary  27,  1879. 

125.    Evening  Po.st.     Octolx;r  15,  1879;  August  11,  1821  (disinterment). 

126.    Ti.MES.     October  20  and  22,  1879. 

127.    World.     September   8,   14  (two),   21   (two),  10,  15,  16;  August  30,  SeiHeuiber   19, 

and  21,  Septeml)er  23,  September  29,  October  12,  1879. 

128.  Pennsylvania  Gazette.     Octolserii,  1780. 

129.    Journal.     October    18,    1780.     (Reprinted  in  Life  of  Hamillon.    New  York,    1834. 

Vol.  I,  p.  273.) 

130.    Packet.     Octolx.'r  10,  1780;  October  14,  1780. 

131.  SiiREVic,  John,  Narrative.     Magazine  American  History,  ^i^\>\.Q\\\\i<ix,  1S79,  p.  574. 

132.  Stanley,   A.   P.,   Historical    Me.M(3Rials   of   \Vi:.st.mi.nster    Ahhey.     London,    1876, 

pp.  256-7. 

133.  Tallm.\dge  —  Letter.     Reprinted    in    Magazine    American    History,     December,    1879, 

P-  754- 


io6 

134.  Tai.i.madgk^Mkmoirs.     New  York,  1858,  p.  36. 

135.  r.MTi-ii  SiCKViCK  Joi'KNAi..     Loiidoii    NoveiiilxT,  1833  (disinterment). 

136.  Wii.Kiis  Bakki!   (Pa.)  Gluaner.     I-   i^ruarj'  21   and  29,    1817.     (Reprinted   in  Natioual 

Iiilclligiiiar,  March  4,  18 17.) 

137.  Daily  Union  Lkadkk.     June  16,  1880.     (Reprint  of  June  21,  1870.) 

138.  V(inki;ks  Gazkttk.     Mardi  24,  1866. 


ANDRE'S    WATCH. 

131;.  Amkrican  Historical  Record.     October,  1874,  p.  470.     See  al.so  for  March,  1874. 

140.  Arnold,  Liek  of.     Spark.s.     P.  230. 

141.  Orai'HIC,  New  York,  July  25,  1876. 

142.  I'A'ENINO  Post,  New  York,  October  20,  1879  ;  Octoter  15,  1879. 

143.  SuNNYSiDK  Press,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  September  18,  1880. 

144.  YiNDic.vTioN  OF  THE  Captoks,  Etc.     Benson.     New  York,  1817. 

ANDRfe'S    WILL. 

145.  Recorded  in  Surrogate's  Office,  New  York  ;  probated  October  12,  1780  (Seatou  and  White, 

\vitnes.ses).     Potter'.s  American  Monthly,  September,    1876,   p.    172  ;  Sabine's   American 
Loyalists,  Vol.  2,  pp.  273,  418  (Seaton  and  White). 

146.  Stevens'  Collection  of  Records   of    New   York    Ciiasiber   of    Commerce,     f'vo. 

New  York,  1867.     (Notice  of  H.  White.) 


JOSHUA    HETT    SMITH. 

147.  Arnold.     Sparks.     Preface. 

148.  Authentic  Narrative,  Etc.     By  Smith.     London,  1808  ;  New  York,  1809. 

149.  GENTLEJi.VN's  MAGAZINE.     London,  1780,  supplement,  p.  6io;  July,  1801. 

150.  Herald,  New  York,  1842. 

151.  Historical  Magazine,  1866;  supplements  i  and  2. 

152.  Magazine  of  American  History.     Vol.  6.     July,  1880;  April,  1881,  p.  279. 

153.  Record  OF  THE  Trial  of  J.  H.  Smith.     Edited  by  Henry  B.  Daw.son.    8vo.     Morrisania, 

New  York,  1866.      (See  No.  310  for  Smith'.''  pedigree.) 

THE    CAPTORS. 

154.  American    Historical   Record.     September,   1872,   p.    407;    December,   1873,  \'ol.    3, 

pp.  471,  5' 5. 

155.  American  Loyalists.     Sabine.     Vol.  2,  p.  194. 

156.  Analkctic  Magazine.     Vol.  10. 

157.  Arnold.     Sparks.     Pp.  222-6. 

158.  Bolton,  History  of  We.stchk.ster  County.    Vol.  i,  pp.  80-213. 

159.  Centennial  Souvenir.     M.  D.  Raymond.     Tarrytown,  N.  Y. ,  1880. 


I07 

\fy>.    City  and  Countky,  Nyack,  N.  Y.,  Octolx-r  lo,  1S79. 

I(M.     l'~IKI.D-BO()K   OK  THK   RKVOLUTION.      I^OSsillK-       Vol.    I,  p.   755- 

1  )j.  Orai'IIIC,  New  York,  OctolK>r  6,  1879. 

163.  OrkknpoixT  (N.  Y.)  Globk,  Octoljer  11,  1H79. 

164.  IIisTokicAi,  Magazine.     November,  1857;  June,  1865. 

165.  History  OK  Schoharie  Co.     Simms.     8vo.     Ne\v  York,  1S45,  p.  646. 

166.  HmsiJ  OK  RKKRE.SKNTATIVKS  JOURNALS,  1817  (Tallmaclgc's  S|x;ech ). 

167.  Magazine  ok  American  History.     February,  1887,  page  16S. 

168.  Nk\v  York  in  the  Revou'Tkjn.     Jones.     Vol.  i,  p.  734. 

169.  Xicw  York  Commercial  Advertiser.     August  30,  Octol)er  3,   1H79. 
170. CouRRiER  DK,s  EItats-Unis.     Octolicr  4,  1879. 

171.    Eveninc;  Express.     October  3,  1879. 

172. Evening  Mail.     October  4,  1879. 

173.  -      -  Evening  Post.     January  8,  1879;  September  16,    1S79  ;  October  i,  3,  4,  20,  1879; 

Novemljer  21,  1879. 

174.    Evening  Telegram.     October  4,  1879. 

175.    Herald.     October  3,  1879. 

176.    Star.     Octobers,  1879. 

177. Si'N.     September  29;  October  i,  2,  3,  4,  6,  12,  13,  15,  1879. 

178.  .Sunday  Mercury.     Octobers,  1879. 

179. Times.     October  3,  4,  1879;  November  23,  1879;  vSeptember  23,  1H80. 

180. Trihunk.     October  3,  7,  1879. 

181.  \VoRLD.     September  23,  October  7,  8,   1879. 

182.  Potter'!--  American  Monthly.     August  and  September,  1876. 

183.  Puck,  New  York.     October  22,  1879. 

184.  Rockland  County  Journal,  Nyack,  N.  Y.     October  11,  1879. 

185.  Shaw,  Samuel,  Journals  ok.     Edited  by  Josiab  Quincy.     Boston,  1847. 

186.  SuNNvsiDE  Press,  Tarryto\vn,  N.  ^.     September  11,  1880. 

187.  Telegraph,  Pittsburgh.     June  11,  17,  25,  1879. 

1S8.    Vindication   ok   the    Captors  ok  Major  Andric.     Benson,  N.  Y.,   1819.     Reprinted, 
(Sabiu  reprints,  No.  3)  New  York,  1865,  and  elsewhere. 

POEMS    AND    BALLADS. 

189.    Brave  Paulding  and  the  Spy.     In  Moore's  Sonirs  and  Ballads  of  Ihc  American  Revolu- 
tion, p.  316.     (Various  others  may  be  found  in  Salient. ) 
British  Hero  in  Captivity,  The.     Puddicombe.     4to.     1783. 

Incident  ok  AndriC's  Capture,  An.     John  Banvard  (Commeirial  Advertiser,  New  York, 
.September,  1880). 
192.   Journal  ok  Original  and  Authentic  Occurrences  During  the  American  Wai.. 
By  Sergeant  R.  Lamb,  Royal  Welch  Fusiliers.     Dublin,  1809,  p.  338. 
Memoirks,  Count  dk  Mores.     Paris,   1828.     (Contains  .some  French  verses. )     See  Pont - 

gibaud.  No.  218. 
I'OEM.     —Miller.     (Not  found.— w.  a.  ) 

195.    .     N.  P.  Wil'is.     (See  Chapter  V.) 

196.  Potter's   American   Monthly.     August,  September,   1876.     Contains  the  Monody,  by 
Miss  Seward. 


190. 
191. 


'93 
194 


T()8 


197 
198 
199 

200 
20 


H- 


DRAMAS. 

Andui':.     By  William  Dniilap.     Ixmilon,  1799. 

(5  acts).      1798.      Believed  to  \k  by  Dr.  Elilui  H.  Smith. 


Arnoi.I),  a  TK.\c.i:nY.     By  — 

Aknoi.d  and  Andric.     By  Geo.  H.  Calvert.      1840. 

lIiGiii.ANi)  Tkkason.     By  iUiliii  G.  Holland.     (In  his /iM(7j'.f.) 


FICTION. 

202.  Andriv.     (Theodore  S.  Fay  is  .said,  on  authority  of  the  Neu'    York  Mirror,  to  have  been 

engaged,  in  183S,  on  a  novel  .so-called.)     It  docs  not  appear  to  have  been  published. 

203.  Hugh  VVvNNK.     Dr.  S.  \V.  Mitchell.     Philadelphia,  1897.     (Introduces  Andre.) 
I'KMBHRTON.     By   Henry   Peterson.     Philadelphia,    1873.     (Reprinted   with   illustrations, 


189S.) 
205.    Sir    Henuy'.s    Ward  — A    Tale    or    thf.    Rkvou-tion.     Mrs.    Ann   S.    Stephens,    in 


(hahom's  Maf;a~ine,  1846. 


THE    COW-CHACE. 


206.  Originally  printed  in  Rivington's  Koyal  (la^eltc,  New  York,  1780.     Canto  I.,  August  16; 

Canto  II.,  August  30;  Canto  III.,  September  23. 

After  his  death,  it  wa.s  published  by  Rivington  in  book-form,  8vo,  pp.  69,  and  by 

I'ielding,  London,  17.'^.!,  4to,  pp.  32,  with  "explanatory  notes  by  the  Editor." 

It  also  apjiears  in  Diuilap's  .^«r/;r  (London,  1799)  in  Lossing's  Ficld-Book,  Vol.  2, 

p.   684,  and  Hudson  from  the    Wilderness  to  the  Sea,  Moore's  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the 

Revolution.     It  was  also  publi.shed  in  Cincinnati,  1869,  8vo,  pp.  32. 

An  original  MS.  copy,  in  Andrd's  writing,  dated  Elizabeth  town,  August  i,  1780,  is 

in  the  .Sprague  (Albany,  N.  Y.)  collection  of  autographs.     Los.sing  reprints  it. 

Another  autograph  copy  seems  to  te  extant,  for  Sargent  does  not  mention  the  above. 

(See  pp.  234  and  235.) 

CONTEMPORARY    RECORDS. 

207.  Albany  Daily  AnvKUTiSKR.     1839.     (See  Potter's /iw/fwrt«  yl/ow//;/)',  September,  1876.) 

208.  Al:^i(>n'.s  RKMiCMnRANCKR,  Loudon,    1780.     Vol.    10,  pp.  76,  77.     (Andre  at  Charleston.) 

209.  American  Historical  Record.     March,  1874,  p.  115  ;  Vol.  i,  p.  436. 

210.  Arnold.     Sparks.     Pp.  233,  235,  255. 

2X1.    Bariikr  &  Howe's  Historical  Collections  oe  New  Jersey. 

212.  Historical  Collections  oe  New  York. 

213.  Blake's  History  oe  Pi-tnam  County,  N.  Y.     1849.     i2mo. 

214.  Bolton's  We;stchester  County.     Vol.  i,  pp.  2.^-223. 

215.  Boynton's  West  Point,     i  10-120. 

216.  Case  oe  Major  Andre;.     P.  18. 

217.  FiELD-BooK.     Lossing.     Vol.  i,  pp.  721,  764,  765. 


lOQ 

2i8.    Fkkncii  Vou'ntiu-k  in  War  ok  iNni'.PKNDKNCK.     Pontgibaud  or  Mores.     Viiri'^,   1821: 
New  York,  1S98. 

219.  HisTOKicAi,  Macazini;,  New  York.     OctolxT,  1857;  Novenilx.T,  1862,  p.  293. 

220.  HouKH  With  Living   Mkn  and  Womkn  01'  thk  Rkvoi.vtion.     Lossinx. 

221.  Lai'Aykttk's  Mkmoirs.     American  lulitioii.     Yol.  i,  pp.  253-257,  26.|,  349. 

222.  Maoazini;  of  Amkkican  Hi.stoky.     Yol.    3,    pp.    748,    75^';    Dcceml)er,    1H79.    p.    7S8. 

Yol.  5,  pp.  57,  58,  105-112,  July,  1880. 

223.  Ni:w  York  Ivvkning  Post.     September  16,  1879. 

224.    Star.     October  12,  1879. 

225.  TiMKS.     Octoter  3,  1879. 

226.    WoKU).     September  28,  1880. 

227.  Oric.inai.   and   Authkntic   JofKNAi.  oi-  OccfRRKNcics  DrKiNC.   THic  I.ATi:  Ami-.rican 

War.     .SerRennt  R.  Lamb,  Royal  Welcli  Fusiliers.      Dublin,   1S09. 
22S.    Pknn.syi.vania    Magazink   oi-    History    and    1Jio(;rai'Iiy.     Yol.  4,  p.   61.     (II.    Lee's 
letter,  about  capture  and  execution.) 

229.  Potthr's  Amkrican  Monthly.     .Septeml)cr,  1876. 

230.  Prockkimnos  Board  ok  Oi;nkrai.  Okkicers.     (Boynton's  ITrs/  Poiii/,  p.  149) 

231.  Rk.coi.i.RCTions.     S.  C.  Goodrich.     New  York,  1S56. 

232.  Sabink's  Amkrican  Loyalists.     1864.     Yol.  2,  p.  355- 

233.  Sparks'  Likk  and  Writings  ok  Washington.     Yol.  7. 

234.  vSt.  Clair  Papkks. 

235.  Sunday  Herald,  Bo.ston.     vSeptember  14,  1879. 

236.  Si'NNYSiDE  Press,  Tarrytown,  N.  V.     vScpU-uiber  iS,  iSSo. 

237.  Tallmadge's  Memoirs. 

238.  T.\kleton's  C.\mpaign.s.     London,  1787.     (Andre  in  South  Carolina.) 

239.  Washington,  Irving's  Like  OF.    Yol  4,  ch;ip.  n.  .  . 
239a.  Weub,    Samkel    B.,   Life  and  Correspondence   of.     FMital  by  W.  C.  I'ord,  N.  \ ., 

1886. 
239^5. Journals  and  Reminiscences.     By  his  son,  J.  Wai.son  Webb. 

240.  Women  ok  the  Revolution.     Mrs.  EUet.     18  tg.     Yol.  2. 

241.  Writings  ok  Hamilton. 

242.  Yonkkrs  Gazette.     June  7,  1865. 

MAPS,   PLANS    AND  VIEWS. 

243.  Arnold.     Sparks.     P.  177-     (Not  fully  accurate.) 

244.  Atlas  New  York  and  Yicinity.     New  York  :  Beers,  Hlli.s  &  Soulc,  1868. 

245.  Battles  of  the  Revolution.     Carrington.     P.  512. 

246.  Battles  of  the  Ignited  .States.     Dawson. 

247.  Bolton's  Hlstory  ok  Westchester  County. 

248.  Boynton's  Wi:st  Point.     /•/W  edition. 

249.  Complot  d'Arnold.     Marbois. 

250.  FiEi.D-BooK.     LoKsiug. 

251.  Harpi:r's  Magazine.     May,  1.S76. 

252  Hlstory  ok  Orange  County.     Ruttenber. 

253  Magazine  ok  American  History.     February,  1880;  March,  1880,  p.  200;  July,  1880. 
254.    Magazine  ok  Natural  History.     J.  C.  Loudon,  Yol.  4,  p.  112  :  London,  1831. 


no 

255.    \kw  Nokk  Hi:kai.d.     September  23,  1S80. 

25'i.    Mam  Ai.    Common    Coincii,    Nkw    Vokk.     D.   T.    Valentine.     1861,  pp.   496-498 ;  also, 

for  1.S52  and  1858. 
257.    ()i,n  Nbw  York.     Dr.  J.  VV.  Francis.    New  York,  1866. 
25S.    Pottkr's  AmI'Rica.n  Monthly.     Septcnil)er,  1876. 

259.  Wa.shincjton  Atlas.     Gui/ot. 

RELICS    OF    ANDRE. 

260.  His  .silver  spur  is  at   Washington's  Headquarters,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  ;  liis  pocket-book  at 

rooms  of  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Hartford  ;  his  MS.  account  of  the  Miscliian/.a,  in 
pos.se.ssion  of  the  Howard  family  of  Maryland  ;  silhouettes,  etc.,  cut  by  him,  were  owned 
(1H80)  by  the  Foxhall  Parker  estate.  New  York  ;  a  wine  gla.ss  is  owned  by  the  Gardiner 
family,  Gardiner's  Island,  L.  I.,  N.  Y. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

261    Amkkican  Citizen,  Tarrytown.     August  25,  1801.     Notice  of  the  tulip  tree.      (Reprinted 
Magazine  of  American  History,  December,  1880.) 

262.  American  Historical  and  Literary  Curiosities.    Smith  and  Watson. 

263.  Atlantic  Monthly.     Deceml)er,  i860. 

264.  Blakk'.s  History  oe  Pctnaim  County,   N.  Y.,  contains  a  spurious   "defence,"  said  to 

have  Ixen  offered   by  Andre.     (See   also   Potter's  American  Monthly,  April,  July  and 
August,  1S76.) 
26.S.    lioTTA,  Charles,  History  oe  the  War  oe  Independence.     New  Haven,  Ct.,  1840. 

266.  Chronicles  oe  East  Hampton,  L.  I.     David  Gardiner,  1871. 

267.  Dealings  with  the  Dead.     L.  M.  Sargent. 

268.  Draper's  Battle  oe  King's  Mountain.     Pp.  37-9. 

269.  Duke  oe  Saxe-\Veimar,  Travels  in  America.     Philadelphia,  1828. 

270.  Galaxy,  N.  Y.     February,  1876. 

271.  Hoi'rs  with  Living  Men  and  Wojien  oe  the   Revolution.     Lo.ssing.     (Mrs.    Beek- 

man. ) 

272.  Gentleman's  Magazine.     London,  July,  i 801.     (Arnold's  death.) 

273.  History    oe    the   Society  of   the   Cincinn.vti,   State   of   Ni;v,-   York.     By  John 

Schuyler.     New  York,  1886. 

274.  Loyalist  Poetry  oe  Stansbury  and  Odell.     Sargent.     Albany,  i860. 

275.  Magazine  of  American  History.     Vol.  8.     (Long  article  about  Colonel  Varick  and  the 

treason,  etc.)  Vol.  5,  p.  57  (Partridge,  about  Mabie  Tavern),  p.  20  (Campbell,  about 
Smith's  house)  :  December,  1879,  p.  758,  July,  Augu.st,  December,  1880  (Itinerary 
Andre's  journey.) 

276.  Ma.ssachusetts  Historical  Society  Collections.     Vol.  2,  p.  195  ;  Vol.  14,  p.  52. 

277.  Memoirs  of  the  American  Revolution.     John  Drayton. 

278.  Memorials   and   Letters   of   S.   B.   Webb.     Edited  by  Worthington  C.   Ford.     New 

York,  1886. 
270.    Men  and  Times  of  the  Revolution  (Elkanah  Watson).     Wiuslow  C.  Watson.     New 
York,  1856. 


1 1 1 

280.  Medaluc  History  of  Unitkd  Statks.     I.oubat. 

281.  Mr;MoRAiii.i;  Days  i\  Amkkica.     William  Faux.     8vo.     London,  iS2,v 

282.  Military  JorKNAi..     .SinicoL'.     Hvo.     Xcw  York,  1844. 

283.  Naval  and  Military  Mhmdirs.     —  KcatsoiL     London.     \'ol.  6,  ]>.  ;;o,v 

284.  Night  SiDK  OK  Natl'ri:.     Mrs.  Cnmc     Vol.  i,  chap.  3.     (  Dream  of  Andre  s  duuli.  ) 
284/'.  Nkwkll,  Kcy.  l\.  v.,  Lii'H  AM)  Ohskrvations  of.     By  C.  W.  Ain.swoitli.     Wotei-stcr, 

Mas.sacluisetts,  18.^7. 

285.  Ni:\v  York  Christian  Advocatk.     DLcemhLT  30,  1880. 
286. UvFNiMi  I'ust.     Octoht-r  2,  1879. 

287.  Sun.     June  3,  1854;  Octoljcr  20,  1879. 

283.  NoHLK  Dhkiis  ok  Amkrican  W'omkn.     J.  Clement. 

289.  Xoktii  Amkrican  Revikw.     July,  1861. 

290.  Northern  Invasion.     F.  B.  Hough. 

291.  Notes  and  Queries.     London,  Deceml)er3i,  1853.     January  15,  1870. 

292.  Papers  Concerninc,   the  Capture  and  Di:tentio\  ok  Major  Andre.     Dawson. 

293.  Papers.     A  letter  of  Klliot  to  lu'.en  (Lord  Anckland)  is  in  the  ./wrX/o//;/ .lASV).  at  Cam 

bridge  University,  Ivngland. 

294.  Pattison  Papers,  The,  (General  Pattison    if    the   British  Army,)  A'cw   York  llisloiiai! 

Society  Publicaliotis,  iSjs,  contains  .some  official  letters  to  Andre. 

295.  Political  Magazini:.     London,  March,  1781. 

296.  Rked's  Like  of  General  Joseph  Reed. 

297.  Reliquary.     Vol.  4,  p.  60. 

298.  Reminiscences  ok  vSamuei,  B.  Weiim.     I!y  J.  Wat.son  Webb. 

299.  Revolution.vuv  Mic.moriai.s.     Rev.  Wheeler  Cast. .     New  York,  1852. 

300.  Rociiambeau's  Memoirs.     Vol.  i. 

300*.  Proceedings  ok  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  1861-;!  (\'ol.    19,  p.  3S5), 
contains  extract  from  Stearns'  orderly-book. 

301.  Proceedings  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  1876. 

302.  Sabin's  American  Bibliopolist.     1869-70. 

303.  Scribnep's  Monthly.     Vol.  4.     (Article  about  West  Point.) 

303*.  Society  ok  the  Cincinn.vTI.      Meiuorial  volumes,  List  of   Members,  etc. ,  of  the  dilTercnt 
vState  Societies. 

304.  Souvenir   of  Revolutionary  Soldiers'    Monument  at  Tarrvtown,   i88ii.     NL    D. 

Raymond,  Tarry to^vn. 

305.  Sparks'  MSS.     49,  No.  14,53.     (At  Cornell  University.) 

306.  Trumbull's  Autobiography. 

307.  Van  Schaack's  Like  of  Peter  Van  Schaack.     P.  147. 

308.  Washington  in  Domestic  Like.     Rush. 

309.  Whiting's   Revolutionary  Orders.     Pp.   109,   112.     (Greene's  proclamation   and    the 

Board's  decision.) 

310.  V/iLi.s  OF  the  Smith  Family  of  New  York  and  Long  Island.     By  W.  S.  Pelletreau. 

New  York,  1898. 

311.  YoNKERS  (N.  Y.)  Gazette.     May  6,  1865,  to  April  14,  1866. 


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Index. 


ANDRfe,  Letters  to  W'asliington,  40,  68. 
Letters  to  others,  3,  60,  68. 

lirook,   28. 

Poeket-Uook,  Si. 

Removal  of  Remains,  82,  83. 

Self  Portrait,  70. 

Si.slers,  80. 

Sister's  dream,  65. 

Watcli,  79,  81. 

Will,  81. 

AliliOT,    Bl.NJAMIX,    72. 

A uEKCRO.Mi!Y,  Lieutenant  Colonel   R.,   20. 

ACKEK,    UeNJAMIN,    1 5. 

Allen,  Lieutenant  Solo:mon,  36,  37. 

Captain  ^VILLI.\M,  72,  74. 

Arnold,  2,  3,  4,  5,  8,  9,  11,  16,  17,  18,  23,  38,  41,  42,  43,  47,  65,  66,  81. 

Mrs.,    II,  23,  42,  44,  Si. 

"  li.vLmviN,"   73,  75. 
Barlow,  Joel,  75- 

BARTLET,    Col.   TlIOJIAS,    45. 

Bauman,  Major  Sed.vstian,   16,  17,  45. 
Beekjian,  Gerard  O.,   14. 

Mrs.  "        "     13,  14. 

Beverly  Dock,  42,  53. 

Blake's  History,  49. 

Blaitvelt,  Mrs.  J.  L   (note),  84. 

Board  oe  General  Oeeicers,  59,  62. 

BouDiNOT,  Elias,  81. 

Bowman,  Ensign  Samvel,  70,  71,  73,  74. 
BovD,  Captain  Ebenezer,   19,  20. 
Bronson,  Dr.  Isaac,  40. 
Brundage,  SvLVANrs,  25. 

House,  25. 

Buchanan,  James,  82,  83. 
Burnet,  Major  Robert,  42,  64. 
Burr,  Aaron,   ii,  12. 
Burrowes,  Major  John,   15. 
Butler,  E.  G.  W.  ,  80. 

Cat  Hill,  22. 
Church,  Dr.,  6. 


114 

ClLLKY,   Colonel  JOSKI'H,   70. 
Clinton,  Gtiicral  Gi:oR<;n,  46. 
—  General  Ja.mi;s,  51;. 

Sir  Hiv.NKV,  2,  3,  40,  46,  47,  52,  64,  65,  77,  7S,  So. 

Di-  Wn-r,  S2. 

CoK,  John,  54. 

Tavkkn,  54,  ,s,s. 

Coi.K,  Rev.  David  (note),  83. 

COLQUHOUN,    SamIUL,    4,  5,  9. 

JOSKl'H,    4,  9. 

CONTINHNTAI.   VlU.AGK,    49,   50. 
Co.MMISSIONKK.S   DI"    CONSPIRACY,    60. 

CooLEv,  Captain  John,   15. 
Cow  Chaci;,  23,  and  Appendix. 
CowHOVs,  20,  23,  26,  27,  48. 
Cox,  Major  Jamks,  48. 
Cromponi)  Road,  19. 

■   CORNF.K,    20. 

Crosiuu,  Lieutenant  Colonel  \V.,  68. 
Croton  Falls,  48. 

RiVKR,    24. 

Dkan,  Sergeant  John,   27,  28,  33. 
Dkarhorn,  Colonel  Hknrv,   13,  70. 
Dk  Fkrmoy,  General,  67. 
Dklavan,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  20. 
Dkmarest,  Kev.  John,  82. 
Deweks,  Samuk  ,  61,  72. 
De  Windt  Hoi'SE,  59. 
DoBBs'  Ferry,  24,  29,  38,  65,  82. 
Drake,  Colonel  Gilbert,  20. 
DuKK  OF  York,  82. 
Dwir.HT,  Rev.  Timothy,  26. 
Dykman,  Judge  J.  O.,  28,  34,  53,  56. 

Elliot,  Andrew,  65. 

EusTis,  Dr.  William,  31,42,43. 

Field,  Cyrus  W.,  84. 

FiSHKILL,   23,  41. 

FooTE,  Captain  Ebknkzer,  21, 

Fort  Putnam,  53. 

Franks,  Major  D.  S..  41,  42,  52,  81. 

Gaines  Register,  6. 
Gallows  Hill,  49,  50. 
Gardiner,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  6r. 
Garrison,  W.  D.  ,  53. 
Garrison's,  49. 


"5 


CiKORGE    III.,    80. 

OiijiKKT,  John,  39. 

Gi.ovKR,  General  John,  59,  75. 

GouviON,  Colonel  J.  B.,  47. 

Green,  Dr.  Horace,  72. 

Greene,  General  Nathanael,  46,  59,  65,  67,  68,  70,  72. 

Green's  Cove,  15. 

Gordon's  History,  61. 

Greyhound  Schooner,  65,  67. 

Hale,  Nathan,  54,  60. 

Hai.i,,  Dr.  Timothy,  72,  73,  76. 

Hamilton',  Alexander,  21,  29,  41,  42,  60,  64,  68,  75,  77. 

Hammond,  David,  25. 

HorsE,  25. 

Sally,  25. 

Staats,  25. 

Hand,  General  Edward,  59. 

Harwood,  Major  Peter,  70. 

Hav,  Colonel  A.  H.,  9,  10,  11,  23,  47,  and  Appendix. 

Heath,  General  William  (note),  74. 

Heron,  William,  39. 

Hinman,  Colonel  Benjamin,  72. 

Hoc;  Hill,  24. 

L.\NE,  20. 

Hole,  Canon  (note),  82. 
HoLLMAN  House,  50. 
HooGi.AND,  Captain  Jeronemus,  40. 
Howe,  General  Robicrt,   11. 

General  Sir  William,  60. 

Hughes,  Captain  John,  70,  72,  and  Appendix. 
Huntington,  Major,  22. 

General  Jedediah,  59,  and  Appendix. 

Iron  Rock  Hill,  50. 
Irvine,  General  William,   ii. 
Irving,  Washington,  34. 

Jackson,  Colonel  Henry,  60. 

Jameson,  Lieutenant  Colonel  John,  35,  37,  52. 

William,  15. 

Jones'  Revolution,    14,  29. 

Kapp's  Life  of  Steuben,  61. 

Kiers(e),  Major  (E.)  William,  5,  1 1 ,  and  Appendix. 

King,  Lientenant  Joshua,   11,  31,  39,  48,  72. 

King's  Bridge,  2,  26,  29. 

King's  Ferry,  14,  15,  19. 

Knox,  General  Henry,   ii,  43,  59,  60. 

Knyphausen,  General,  65. 


ii6 

I,\i  AvicTTi:,   II,  41,  -i,^.  45,  59,  60,  61,  77. 
Lamm,  CoIiukI  John.   11,  12,  it,,  42,  4^^,  44. 
I.AMiiicuT,  Ci)KNi;i.u  s,   13. 

Hii.vKv,   15. 

I,amiii;ht,   15. 

Lamjuink  IIolSK,   ,vv 

I.ANSiNC,   Rev.   NiCHoi.A.s  (note),  S.l- 

I.akvkv,  Jamks,  42. 

I,Ar\K,    PliTI'K,    61,  64,  68. 

I.AiKANcK,  Colonel  John,  60. 

l.KAKi:,    J.    Q.,  8,    I  I,    12. 

Lick,  Jamks,  80. 

I.iviNosTox,  Coi..  jAMii.s,  3,  12,  15,  43,  44 

I<f)CKICK,   —   (  note),    .S3. 

LoNc;  Ci.ovi:,  54. 

I,IV,KKM{,   Cliewilier,    11. 

Maiiim  Tavkr.n,  56,  57,  5,s. 
McCoi.i,,   Rev.   Dl'.vcan,  30. 
McIIknkv,  Dr.  Jami:s,  41. 
McKiNi.icv,  Ai.i.;xaniji.:k,  72. 
McKnuiht,   Dr.   Ciiari,i.:s,   i'4. 
Maksiiai.I..   History,   29. 
Mason,   Re\-.  John,  53,  54. 
Mkadi;,  Lieutenant  Colonel   R.   K.,73. 
Miucs,  Colonel  R.  J.,  46. 
Mkkkki.,  John,  25. 
Mii.i.HK,  Andkk.\s,  20. 
MlKKAv,   Colonel  SiCTil,   3i>,  45. 

Ni:ls(jn',s  Point,  50. 
Nkpprkiian  Kivkk,  25. 
Nkutrai,  Gkound,  26,  27. 
Xewki.i.,  Rev.   Iv.   F.,  30. 
Nichols,  Colcjiiel  Wosks,  45. 
Niilcs  and  Queries,  65. 

Oni.KMS,  Hkndrick  (note),   74. 
Onia.i.  HorsK,  49. 

Rev.  Jonathan,  3. 

Ogukn,  Captain  Aaron,  64. 
Old  SoiTii  TnicATRK,  30. 
"OsnoRNK,"  3. 

Parsons,  General  vS.   H.,  38,  39,  ,S9.  60. 

Partuidck,  Captain  Aldkn,  58,  80,  83. 

Patkrson,  General  John,  59. 

Paul,  Captain,  R.  N.,  8.1. 

PAtM.uiNG,  John,  27,  28,  29,  30,  32,  33,  36,  80. 


117 


Paui.dino  Monument,  49. 

Pkkkskili,,  19,  37. 

Pklham,  — ,  27. 

Pkttingii.i.,  Major  Thomas,  70. 

Phaeton  Frigate,  83. 

Pink'.s  Bkidgk,  24,  31. 

Rand,  Colonel  John,  45. 
Raymond,  Hknrv  J.,  72. 
Rkd  Mill.s,  48. 
Rekd  House,  27,  33. 

REQI'A,    AnRAHAM,    20. 

Amos  C.  ,  20. 

Edmund,  20. 

Robbins'  Mills,  21,  23,  34. 

Robertson,  General  James,  63,  65,  67,  68. 

Robinson,  Beverly,  5,  6,  46,  50. 

House,  23,  41,  47.  5°,  51  • 

RoCHAMBEAu,  General  Count,  65. 
Rogers,  Lieutenant  Jedediah,  48. 
RoMER,  James,  27. 

John,  33. 

Mrs.  Jacob,  27,  33. 

Rossell's  Corners,  25. 
Russell,  Benjamin,  72,  73. 

St.  Clair,  General  Arthur,  59. 

St.  Pkter's  Church,  37,  49. 

Sands  Mills,  35,  36,  37- 

Sargent,  Winthrop,   13,  14,  31,  66,  68,  73. 

L.  M.,  61. 

ScAMMELL,  Colonel  Alexander,  58,  64,  70,  75,  76,  77. 

Scott,  John  Morin,  23. 

Seaton,  William,  81. 

See,  Isaac,  27. 

Shaw,  Major  Samuel,  41. 

Sheldon,  Colonel  Elisha,  35,  38. 

Dragoons,  21,  23,  32. 

Shippard,  Lieutenant  Samuel,  53. 
Shreve,  Colonel  Israel,  75,  76. 
SiMCOE,  Colonel  J.  G.,  20,  81. 
Skinners,  26. 

Smith,  Claudius,  27. 
— —  David,  53. 

Captain  Ebenezer,  53,  62. 

JOSI-JA  HETT,  4,  5,  8,  9,  10,  II,  14,  15,  rg,  20,  23,  47,  51,  60. 

Richard,  27. 

Thomas,  12. 


iiS 

Smith,  V'ii.i.i  \.\,.    u,  it,.  65 

LiciiU'iiant  Colonel  Wii.i.iam  S.,  77, 

Sl'AKKH,    JaKKD,    H,    II,  61,  tt2,  (ih. 

Shknckk,  Colonel  JosKiMi,  9,  15. 
Syi'AW  Point,   12. 
.Stani.ky,  Dkan,  k_v  84. 
Stark,  Gcntml  John,  26,  59. 
Sthvuhn,  Haroii,  5y. 
Stkvkns,   LiuUlLliant   Colonel   I^.,  i,v 
Stiki.ing,  (k'ncnil  Lokii,  59. 
Stonk,  William  I,,  (note),  s.v 
Stony  Point,  5,  11,  14,  54. 
Stranc,  Major  Joskpii,  20,  22. 

John,  20. 

Strang's  Tavern,  20,  21,  22. 

Strickland,  — ,  75. 

ScTiiKkLANi),  Lieutenant  Andricw,   A'.  /V, ,  6,  79, 

Tallmadgh,  Major  Hknjamin,  37,  38,  39,  48,  52,  54,  55,  64,  76,  77. 
Tappan,  46,  56,  57. 

Church,  58. 

Tari.KTon,  Colonel  15.,  20. 
Takrvtown,  25,  40. 
Tavkrn,  Coe's,  54,  55. 

Mabie,  56,  57,  58. 

Strang's,  20,  21,  22. 

Young's,  25. 

Tkller's  Point,  2,  12. 
Thavkr,  Colonel  Ebenkzkk,  45. 
Thacher,  Dr.  James,  64,  72,  73,  76,  S3. 
Thorbi'rn,  Grant,  31,  83. 

Thornk,  Jesse,  24,  31. 

Stevkn.son,  24,  31. 

Rev.  Chester  C.  ,  24,  31. 

Tomlinson,  ICnsign  Jabez  H.,  70. 
Trumbull,  John,  60. 

Underhill,  Isaac,  23. 

House,  22,  23. 

Sarah,  23. 

Undkrhill's  Corners,  24. 

Van  Cortland,  General  Pierre,  29. 

Mansion,  50. 

Miss  CORNELI.\,    12,   13. 

Van  Dvk,  Captain  John,  71,  72,  74,  76. 
Van  Ostrand,  — ,  74. 
Van  Schaack,  Peter,  81. 


119 


Van  VVakt,   Isaac,  jj,  j.s,  .'g,  \o.  ,13,  30,  80. 

fuiienil,  Ho. 

WlI.I.IAM,    15. 

Vakick,  Colonel  Richard,  23,  44,  52. 

Vkrpi.anck's  Point,   12,  15,  10,  38,  So. 

Viillun',  sloop  of  war,   2,  5,  6,  12,  13,  30,  40,  4.',  64. 

\Vashin{;ton,  5,  10,  14,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  4H,  51,  52,  53,  62,  63,  69,  77,  80. 
Wadk,  Colonel  Nathanikl,  44    45. 
Wkhh,  Cajitnin  Jf)iiN,    14,  50. 

Colonc-l  S.   1!.,  14,  22. 

JOSKIMI,  22. 

WK1.1..S,  Lk'iUcnaiit  Colonel  Jonathan,  36. 

Wkst  Point,  42,  43,  52,  53. 

WiiiTK  Plains,  21,  24. 

Williams,  Auraham,  27. 

David,  27,  28,  29,  30,  33,  36,  80. 

Colonel,    I. 

VVaynk,  General  Anthony,   11,59. 
White,  Hknry,  81. 
Whittkmork,  IIknry  (note),  84. 
Willis,  N.  P.  (Picm),  6. 

Ykrks,  John,  27,  32. 
Yoi'NOS,  Sami'kl,  35. 
Young's  Tavern,  25, 

Zedwitz,  Major,  7. 


mnrio  and  itcnAvto 

■V 

THE  MOH  PHOTO  ENGRAVING  CO. 

E-.V  4THCfT  con.   N0U4T0X 

net*  tohk 


